diff --git a/docs/architecture/06-type-inference.md b/docs/architecture/06-type-inference.md
index f4da67b..914b2b5 100644
--- a/docs/architecture/06-type-inference.md
+++ b/docs/architecture/06-type-inference.md
@@ -169,16 +169,17 @@ A **profile** is the set of derived summary fields stored on a dataset record so
 the UI can describe it without re-parsing the payload. Per the data model, a
 profiled dataset carries:
 
-| Field         | Type                    | Meaning                            |
-| ------------- | ----------------------- | ---------------------------------- |
-| `rowCount`    | `number \| null`        | Data rows, or `null` when N/A.     |
-| `columnCount` | `number \| null`        | Columns, or `null` when N/A.       |
-| `columns`     | `string[]`              | Column names, in order.            |
-| `columnTypes` | `Array<{ name; type }>` | Per-column inferred type (see §2). |
-| `size`        | `number`                | Approximate payload size in bytes. |
+| Field         | Type                                                       | Meaning                                                            |
+| ------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------ |
+| `rowCount`    | `number \| null`                                           | Data rows, or `null` when N/A.                                     |
+| `columnCount` | `number \| null`                                           | Columns, or `null` when N/A.                                       |
+| `columns`     | `string[]`                                                 | Column names, in order.                                            |
+| `columnTypes` | `Array<{ name; type }>`                                    | Per-column inferred type (see §2).                                 |
+| `columnStats` | `Array<{ name; distinct; distinctCapped; numericExtent }>` | Per-column cardinality + numeric range (see §3.3). Empty when N/A. |
+| `size`        | `number`                                                   | Approximate payload size in bytes.                                 |
 
-`null` row/column counts and an empty `columns`/`columnTypes` are how the UI
-shows **"N/A"** — see §3.2.
+`null` row/column counts and an empty `columns`/`columnTypes`/`columnStats` are
+how the UI shows **"N/A"** — see §3.2.
 
 ### 3.1 What gets profiled
 
@@ -208,12 +209,14 @@ of the stored payload), but `rowCount` and `columnCount` are `null`, and
    - `json` that is a non-empty **array of objects** → use it directly.
    - anything else (`topojson`, a lone JSON object, an empty array) → not
      tabular; return the N/A profile (`rowCount: null`, `columnCount: null`,
-     `columns: []`, `columnTypes: []`, plus `size`).
+     `columns: []`, `columnTypes: []`, `columnStats: []`, plus `size`).
 3. **Derive columns** from the union of keys across the rows (or the CSV/TSV
    header), preserving first-seen order.
-4. **Infer each column's type** by collecting that column's values across the
-   rows and calling `inferColumnType` (§2), sampling per §4.
-5. **Assemble** `rowCount`, `columnCount`, `columns`, `columnTypes`, `size`.
+4. **Infer each column's type and stats** by collecting that column's values across
+   the rows (sampling per §4) and calling `inferColumnType` (§2) plus deriving its
+   cardinality + numeric extent (§3.3) — one pass per column over the same sample.
+5. **Assemble** `rowCount`, `columnCount`, `columns`, `columnTypes`, `columnStats`,
+   `size`.
 
 ### Sketch
 
@@ -226,6 +229,12 @@ export interface DatasetProfile {
   columnCount: number | null;
   columns: string[];
   columnTypes: Array<{ name: string; type: ColumnType }>;
+  columnStats: Array<{
+    name: string;
+    distinct: number; // capped at DISTINCT_CAP
+    distinctCapped: boolean; // true ⇒ real cardinality ≥ DISTINCT_CAP
+    numericExtent: { min: number; max: number } | null; // numeric columns only
+  }>;
   size: number;
 }
 
@@ -234,6 +243,7 @@ const NA = (size: number): DatasetProfile => ({
   columnCount: null,
   columns: [],
   columnTypes: [],
+  columnStats: [],
   size,
 });
 
@@ -259,16 +269,22 @@ export function profileData(
   if (columns.length === 0) return NA(size);
 
   const sample = sampleRows(rows);
-  const columnTypes = columns.map((name) => ({
-    name,
-    type: inferColumnType(sample.map((r) => r[name])),
-  }));
+  // One pass per column over the sample: type + stats (cardinality, numeric extent).
+  const columnTypes = [];
+  const columnStats = [];
+  for (const name of columns) {
+    const values = sample.map((r) => r[name]);
+    const type = inferColumnType(values);
+    columnTypes.push({ name, type });
+    columnStats.push(columnStatsFor(name, values, type)); // see §3.3
+  }
 
   return {
     rowCount: rows.length,
     columnCount: columns.length,
     columns,
     columnTypes,
+    columnStats,
     size,
   };
 }
@@ -278,17 +294,41 @@ Parsing CSV/TSV text and detecting the payload shape happen _upstream_ of
 `profileData`; this function takes already-parsed rows so it stays pure and
 trivially testable. The caller passes `null` for URL and non-tabular datasets.
 
+### 3.3 Column stats: cardinality + numeric extent
+
+Alongside the display type, each column carries the two data-shape signals the
+**Chart Builder** needs for its data-aware Tier-B hints (spec §06; see
+`chart-builder.ts` `builderWarnings`):
+
+- **`distinct`** — the count of distinct non-empty values **in the sample**,
+  counted only up to `DISTINCT_CAP` (50). Past the cap the exact number stops
+  mattering — a legend or category axis with 50 entries is already unreadable — so
+  counting stops and **`distinctCapped`** flags that the real cardinality is at
+  least the cap. Powers the crowded-legend (discrete colour) and crowded-category
+  warnings.
+- **`numericExtent`** — `{ min, max }` over the numeric values, for `number`
+  columns only (`null` otherwise), using the **same numeric test** as
+  `inferColumnType` so the two never disagree. Powers the negative-value **Size**
+  guard (size encodes magnitude → negatives mislead; Draco `hard.lp:56`).
+
+Both are derived in the same sample pass as type inference, so they are nearly
+free, and both are **estimates** (sampled from the head, like the type) — fine for
+soft advisories, not guarantees. URL / non-tabular data and datasets stored before
+this field carry empty `columnStats`, and the dependent hints simply skip.
+
 ---
 
 ## 4. Sampling vs. full scan
 
 `rowCount`/`columnCount`/`size` always reflect the **whole** dataset — they're
-cheap (a length and a byte count). Only **type inference** has a per-value cost,
-and it's the one place a huge dataset could hurt.
+cheap (a length and a byte count). Only the **per-value** work — type inference
+and the §3.3 column stats — has a per-row cost, and it's the one place a huge
+dataset could hurt.
 
-So: infer types from a **bounded sample** of rows, not the full column. A fixed
-cap (e.g. the first ~200 rows) keeps profiling fast and predictable on large
-pasted datasets while still being more than enough signal to classify a column.
+So: derive types **and** stats from a **bounded sample** of rows, not the full
+column. A fixed cap (e.g. the first ~200 rows) keeps profiling fast and
+predictable on large pasted datasets while still being more than enough signal to
+classify a column and estimate its cardinality / range.
 
 ```ts
 const SAMPLE_SIZE = 200;
@@ -306,7 +346,8 @@ the same paste profiles the same way twice.
 ### Do / Don't
 
 - **Do** count rows/columns and size over the full payload.
-- **Do** cap type-inference sampling at a fixed head slice for determinism.
+- **Do** cap type-inference **and column-stats** sampling at a fixed head slice for
+  determinism (so `distinct` / `numericExtent` are estimates, like the type).
 - **Don't** randomly sample — non-deterministic profiles break tests and confuse
   users.
 - **Don't** scan every value of a million-row paste to guess a type.
diff --git a/docs/chart-builder-research.md b/docs/chart-builder-research.md
index f6a3813..9e04150 100644
--- a/docs/chart-builder-research.md
+++ b/docs/chart-builder-research.md
@@ -214,30 +214,29 @@ as of 2026-06-06.
   un-aggregated case. A general "long labels → go horizontal" suggestion on _any_ vertical
   bar is still deferred (needs a label-length / cardinality signal); a blanket warning was
   rejected — it would fire on every ordinary vertical bar.
-- **A3 · Crowded-axis & high-cardinality warnings** _(partly done)_ —
+- **A3 · Crowded-axis & high-cardinality warnings** _(done)_ —
   - _Done:_ the **un-aggregated crowded axis** — a bar/line/area with a category axis and a
     **raw** measure draws one mark (and one label) per row, so over `CROWDED_CATEGORY_ROWS`
     (30) rows it warns and points to aggregating, or a horizontal bar. Row-count-based:
-    `builderWarnings(config, rowCount)`, with `rowCount` from the loaded dataset; detects
-    exactly the mark-count == row-count case (URL/non-tabular → `rowCount` null → skipped).
-  - _Remaining (needs the profiling extension below):_ an **aggregated** axis that still has
-    many distinct **categories**, an unreadable **Color legend** (>10/>20 categories), and
-    **number-typed-Nominal**. All need per-column **cardinality**, which the profile lacks.
-- **A4 · Data-aware Size guard** _(deferred — needs the profiling extension)_ — exclude
-  **negative**-valued columns from Size (Draco `hard.lp:56`; size implies positive
-  magnitude). Today only the type-level Size discipline is enforced.
+    detects exactly the mark-count == row-count case (URL/non-tabular → `rowCount` null → skipped).
+  - _Done (via the profiling extension below):_ an **aggregated** axis that still has many
+    distinct **categories** (`CROWDED_CATEGORY_DISTINCT` = 30) and an unreadable **Color
+    legend** (`CROWDED_LEGEND_DISTINCT` = 12, discrete colour only) now warn from per-column
+    cardinality. (Number-typed-Nominal remains a possible future nudge; not yet flagged.)
+- **A4 · Data-aware Size guard** _(done)_ — Size mapped to a field whose profiled numeric
+  **extent** goes negative warns (Draco `hard.lp:56`; size implies positive magnitude),
+  on top of the type-level Size discipline.
 
-> **TODO — profiling extension (the A3-remaining + A4 enabler).** `profile.ts` computes only
-> `rowCount` / `columnCount` / `columnTypes`. Extend it, in the **same sample pass** that
-> already feeds `inferColumnType` (so it's nearly free), to also derive per column: a
-> **capped distinct count** (cardinality — cap at ~50; a sampled count is enough for a
-> ">N categories" threshold, no full scan) and a **numeric extent** (min/max → sign).
-> Surface them on `DatasetProfile` (alongside `columnTypes`). Then: `builderWarnings` consumes
-> cardinality (legend/axis crowding) and the Size gate consumes sign (A4). **Caveats:**
-> URL / non-tabular datasets have no rows at profile time → these fields are null and the
-> dependent warnings simply skip; and stored datasets predate the field, so this needs a
-> recompute-on-read or a `dataset-migrations` bump (see architecture 02 / 06). Keep
-> thresholds in `chart-builder.ts` constants like `CROWDED_CATEGORY_ROWS`.
+> **Done — profiling extension (the A3 / A4 enabler).** `profile.ts` now derives, in the
+> **same sample pass** that feeds `inferColumnType`, a per-column **capped distinct count**
+> (`DISTINCT_CAP` = 50, with a `distinctCapped` overflow flag) and a **numeric extent**
+> (min/max, numeric columns only), surfaced on `DatasetProfile.columnStats` and the `Dataset`
+> record. `builderWarnings(config, rowCount, columns)` consumes them for the legend/axis
+> crowding hints and the negative-value Size guard. **Caveats handled:** URL / non-tabular
+> data has no rows → `columnStats` is `[]` and the dependent hints skip; datasets stored
+> before the field default to `[]` via `dataset-migrations` / import normalization (no forced
+> re-profile on read — they pick up stats on next save). Thresholds live in `chart-builder.ts`
+> constants alongside `CROWDED_CATEGORY_ROWS`.
 
 **B · Transform-enabled coverage (new core capability + §06 extension)** _(done)_
 
diff --git a/src/app/components/ChartBuilderModal.tsx b/src/app/components/ChartBuilderModal.tsx
index b04a4f3..c7a6200 100644
--- a/src/app/components/ChartBuilderModal.tsx
+++ b/src/app/components/ChartBuilderModal.tsx
@@ -358,8 +358,14 @@ export function ChartBuilderModal() {
   // fresh array each render (which loops useSyncExternalStore — see SnippetStore note).
   const config = useChartBuilderStore((s) => s.config);
   const rowCount = useChartBuilderStore((s) => s.rowCount);
+  // `columns` is a stable reference set once at init (not rebuilt per render), so
+  // subscribing to it won't loop useSyncExternalStore.
+  const columns = useChartBuilderStore((s) => s.columns);
   const valid = useMemo(() => isBuilderConfigValid(config), [config]);
-  const warnings = useMemo(() => builderWarnings(config, rowCount), [config, rowCount]);
+  const warnings = useMemo(
+    () => builderWarnings(config, rowCount, columns),
+    [config, rowCount, columns],
+  );
   const canSort = useMemo(() => supportsSort(config), [config]);
   const canStack = useMemo(() => supportsStack(config), [config]);
 
diff --git a/src/app/infrastructure/dataset-migrations.ts b/src/app/infrastructure/dataset-migrations.ts
index 718eec4..6c429a1 100644
--- a/src/app/infrastructure/dataset-migrations.ts
+++ b/src/app/infrastructure/dataset-migrations.ts
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 
 import { CURRENT_DATASET_VERSION, type DataSource, type Dataset } from '@core/dataset';
 import type { DataFormat } from '@core/format-detection';
+import type { ColumnStats } from '@core/profile';
 import type { ColumnType } from '@core/type-inference';
 
 const FORMATS: ReadonlyArray<DataFormat> = ['json', 'csv', 'tsv', 'topojson'];
@@ -44,6 +45,10 @@ export function migrateDataset(raw: unknown): Dataset {
     columnTypes: Array.isArray(r.columnTypes)
       ? (r.columnTypes as Array<{ name: string; type: ColumnType }>)
       : [],
+    // Records predating cardinality/extent profiling default to empty stats; the
+    // Chart Builder's data-aware hints simply stay quiet until the dataset is
+    // re-saved (which re-profiles it) — graceful, no forced re-profile on read.
+    columnStats: Array.isArray(r.columnStats) ? (r.columnStats as ColumnStats[]) : [],
     size: typeof r.size === 'number' ? r.size : 0,
     created: typeof r.created === 'string' ? r.created : new Date(0).toISOString(),
     modified: typeof r.modified === 'string' ? r.modified : new Date(0).toISOString(),
diff --git a/src/app/stores/ChartBuilderStore.ts b/src/app/stores/ChartBuilderStore.ts
index 7a3ddaf..6b078c9 100644
Binary files a/src/app/stores/ChartBuilderStore.ts and b/src/app/stores/ChartBuilderStore.ts differ
diff --git a/src/core/chart-builder.test.ts b/src/core/chart-builder.test.ts
index 3f18f3b..34ed192 100644
--- a/src/core/chart-builder.test.ts
+++ b/src/core/chart-builder.test.ts
@@ -223,6 +223,206 @@ describe('builderWarnings (Tier B advisories)', () => {
       expect(hint?.message).toMatch(/reduce the number of categories/);
     });
   });
+
+  describe('data-aware hints (from profiled column stats)', () => {
+    /** A BuilderColumns carrying stats for the named field. */
+    const withStats = (
+      name: string,
+      stats: {
+        distinct?: number;
+        distinctCapped?: boolean;
+        numericExtent?: { min: number; max: number } | null;
+      },
+    ): BuilderColumns => ({
+      columns: [name],
+      columnTypes: [{ name, type: 'string' }],
+      columnStats: [
+        {
+          name,
+          distinct: stats.distinct ?? 1,
+          distinctCapped: stats.distinctCapped ?? false,
+          numericExtent: stats.numericExtent ?? null,
+        },
+      ],
+    });
+
+    it('flags an aggregated category axis that still has too many distinct values', () => {
+      const w = builderWarnings(
+        {
+          datasetName: 'D',
+          mark: 'bar',
+          encodings: {
+            x: { field: 'sku', type: 'nominal' },
+            y: { field: 'qty', type: 'quantitative', aggregate: 'sum' }, // aggregated, so not one-per-row
+          },
+        },
+        500,
+        withStats('sku', { distinct: 48 }),
+      );
+      const hint = w.find((m) => /distinct values/.test(m.message));
+      expect(hint?.channel).toBe('x');
+      expect(hint?.message).toMatch(/48 distinct values/);
+      expect(hint?.message).toMatch(/Swap X\/Y/); // bar → horizontal-bar remedy
+    });
+
+    it('reports "more than 50" when the category cardinality hit the profiler cap', () => {
+      const w = builderWarnings(
+        {
+          datasetName: 'D',
+          mark: 'bar',
+          encodings: {
+            x: { field: 'sku', type: 'nominal' },
+            y: { field: 'qty', type: 'quantitative', aggregate: 'sum' },
+          },
+        },
+        500,
+        withStats('sku', { distinct: 50, distinctCapped: true }),
+      );
+      expect(w.some((m) => /more than 50 distinct values/.test(m.message))).toBe(true);
+    });
+
+    it('is silent for a small-cardinality aggregated category axis', () => {
+      const w = builderWarnings(
+        {
+          datasetName: 'D',
+          mark: 'bar',
+          encodings: {
+            x: { field: 'sku', type: 'nominal' },
+            y: { field: 'qty', type: 'quantitative', aggregate: 'sum' },
+          },
+        },
+        500,
+        withStats('sku', { distinct: 6 }),
+      );
+      expect(w.some((m) => /distinct values/.test(m.message))).toBe(false);
+    });
+
+    it('warns when a discrete colour series has too many categories', () => {
+      const w = builderWarnings(
+        {
+          datasetName: 'D',
+          mark: 'bar',
+          encodings: {
+            x: { field: 'sku', type: 'nominal' },
+            y: { field: 'qty', type: 'quantitative', aggregate: 'sum' },
+            color: { field: 'tag', type: 'nominal' },
+          },
+        },
+        500,
+        {
+          columns: ['tag'],
+          columnTypes: [{ name: 'tag', type: 'string' }],
+          columnStats: [{ name: 'tag', distinct: 20, distinctCapped: false, numericExtent: null }],
+        },
+      );
+      const hint = w.find((m) => m.channel === 'color' && /legend/.test(m.message));
+      expect(hint?.message).toMatch(/20 categories/);
+    });
+
+    it('does not flag a continuous (quantitative) colour ramp for cardinality', () => {
+      const w = builderWarnings(
+        {
+          datasetName: 'D',
+          mark: 'point',
+          encodings: {
+            x: { field: 'a', type: 'quantitative' },
+            y: { field: 'b', type: 'quantitative' },
+            color: { field: 'score', type: 'quantitative' }, // a ramp, no per-value legend
+          },
+        },
+        500,
+        {
+          columns: ['score'],
+          columnTypes: [{ name: 'score', type: 'number' }],
+          columnStats: [
+            {
+              name: 'score',
+              distinct: 50,
+              distinctCapped: true,
+              numericExtent: { min: 0, max: 9 },
+            },
+          ],
+        },
+      );
+      expect(w.some((m) => /legend/.test(m.message))).toBe(false);
+    });
+
+    it('guards Size against a field whose values go negative', () => {
+      const w = builderWarnings(
+        {
+          datasetName: 'D',
+          mark: 'point',
+          encodings: {
+            x: { field: 'a', type: 'quantitative' },
+            y: { field: 'b', type: 'quantitative' },
+            size: { field: 'delta', type: 'quantitative' },
+          },
+        },
+        500,
+        {
+          columns: ['delta'],
+          columnTypes: [{ name: 'delta', type: 'number' }],
+          columnStats: [
+            {
+              name: 'delta',
+              distinct: 30,
+              distinctCapped: false,
+              numericExtent: { min: -12, max: 40 },
+            },
+          ],
+        },
+      );
+      const hint = w.find((m) => m.channel === 'size');
+      expect(hint?.message).toMatch(/can't show negative values/);
+      expect(hint?.message).toMatch(/down to -12/);
+    });
+
+    it('does not guard Size when the field is wholly non-negative', () => {
+      const w = builderWarnings(
+        {
+          datasetName: 'D',
+          mark: 'point',
+          encodings: {
+            x: { field: 'a', type: 'quantitative' },
+            y: { field: 'b', type: 'quantitative' },
+            size: { field: 'amount', type: 'quantitative' },
+          },
+        },
+        500,
+        {
+          columns: ['amount'],
+          columnTypes: [{ name: 'amount', type: 'number' }],
+          columnStats: [
+            {
+              name: 'amount',
+              distinct: 30,
+              distinctCapped: false,
+              numericExtent: { min: 0, max: 40 },
+            },
+          ],
+        },
+      );
+      expect(w.some((m) => m.channel === 'size')).toBe(false);
+    });
+
+    it('skips data-aware hints entirely when no column stats are supplied', () => {
+      // Old/URL datasets: same crowded config, but without stats the hints stay quiet.
+      const w = builderWarnings(
+        {
+          datasetName: 'D',
+          mark: 'bar',
+          encodings: {
+            x: { field: 'sku', type: 'nominal' },
+            y: { field: 'qty', type: 'quantitative', aggregate: 'sum' },
+            size: { field: 'qty', type: 'quantitative' },
+          },
+        },
+        500,
+      );
+      expect(w.some((m) => /distinct values/.test(m.message))).toBe(false);
+      expect(w.some((m) => m.channel === 'size')).toBe(false);
+    });
+  });
 });
 
 describe('defaultBuilderConfig', () => {
diff --git a/src/core/chart-builder.ts b/src/core/chart-builder.ts
index a9b7810..b2fa571 100644
--- a/src/core/chart-builder.ts
+++ b/src/core/chart-builder.ts
@@ -22,6 +22,8 @@
  * editor and preview consume — `buildSnippetSpecText` serializes it.
  */
 
+import type { ColumnStats } from './profile';
+import { DISTINCT_CAP } from './profile';
 import type { ColumnType } from './type-inference';
 import { VEGA_LITE_SCHEMA_URL } from './snippet';
 
@@ -157,8 +159,9 @@ function isContinuous(type: FieldType): boolean {
  * implies ordered magnitude). Draco makes this a hard constraint
  * (`hard.lp:53` size_nominal); we surface it as a UI gate that disables Size for
  * unsuitable columns rather than letting the user produce the bad encoding.
- * (Negative-value exclusion, `hard.lp:56`, needs row data and is left to the
- * data-aware layer; this type-level gate is what the builder enforces.)
+ * (Negative-value exclusion, `hard.lp:56`, needs row data — `builderWarnings`
+ * surfaces it as a soft hint from the column's profiled numeric extent; this
+ * type-level gate is the part the builder can enforce structurally.)
  */
 export function isChannelTypeAllowed(channel: ChannelName, type: FieldType): boolean {
   if (channel === 'size') return type === 'quantitative' || type === 'ordinal';
@@ -212,6 +215,13 @@ export function defaultMark(xType: FieldType | null, yType: FieldType | null): M
 export interface BuilderColumns {
   columns: readonly string[];
   columnTypes: ReadonlyArray<{ name: string; type: ColumnType }>;
+  /**
+   * Per-column cardinality + numeric range, when the dataset was profiled with it
+   * (datasets created before this profiling, and URL/non-tabular data, omit it).
+   * The data-aware `builderWarnings` use it where present and silently skip those
+   * hints where absent.
+   */
+  columnStats?: ReadonlyArray<ColumnStats>;
 }
 
 /** The derived field type for a named column, defaulting to Nominal if unknown. */
@@ -336,6 +346,31 @@ export interface BuilderWarning {
  */
 const CROWDED_CATEGORY_ROWS = 30;
 
+/**
+ * Above this many *distinct* category values, even an aggregated category axis (one
+ * mark per category, not per row) has too many labels to read. Matched to
+ * `CROWDED_CATEGORY_ROWS`: both flag a category axis that overruns its labels.
+ */
+const CROWDED_CATEGORY_DISTINCT = 30;
+
+/**
+ * Above this many distinct colour values a discrete legend is too long to scan and
+ * the palette starts recycling hues. Qualitative colour scales top out around 8–12
+ * across the canon (Datawrapper, FT Visual Vocabulary); 12 is the generous end.
+ */
+const CROWDED_LEGEND_DISTINCT = 12;
+
+/** Profiled stats for a mapped field, when the dataset carries them. */
+function statsFor(field: string | undefined, columns?: BuilderColumns): ColumnStats | undefined {
+  if (!field || !columns?.columnStats) return undefined;
+  return columns.columnStats.find((s) => s.name === field);
+}
+
+/** "N" or "more than 50" — distinct count, honouring the profiler's cap. */
+function cardinalityText(stats: ColumnStats): string {
+  return stats.distinctCapped ? `more than ${DISTINCT_CAP}` : `${stats.distinct}`;
+}
+
 /**
  * Non-blocking advisories for the current configuration (spec §06 → Tier B): the
  * encodings that render but read poorly, drawn from the research's soft rules
@@ -343,11 +378,17 @@ const CROWDED_CATEGORY_ROWS = 30;
  * ConfigValid` is the only gate — they just steer the user toward a better chart.
  * Returned in a stable order so the UI list doesn't jitter as config changes.
  *
- * `rowCount` (the dataset's row count, when known) powers the crowded-axis hint;
- * pass it from the loaded dataset. Omitted/`null` (URL or non-tabular data) simply
- * skips that one hint.
+ * `rowCount` (the dataset's row count, when known) powers the one-mark-per-row hint;
+ * `columns` (with per-column `columnStats`) powers the data-aware hints — crowded
+ * legend / category axis (cardinality) and the negative-value Size guard (numeric
+ * extent). Either omitted (URL / non-tabular / pre-cardinality datasets) simply
+ * skips the hints that need it.
  */
-export function builderWarnings(config: BuilderConfig, rowCount?: number | null): BuilderWarning[] {
+export function builderWarnings(
+  config: BuilderConfig,
+  rowCount?: number | null,
+  columns?: BuilderColumns,
+): BuilderWarning[] {
   const warnings: BuilderWarning[] = [];
   const x = config.encodings.x ?? null;
   const y = config.encodings.y ?? null;
@@ -400,32 +441,74 @@ export function builderWarnings(config: BuilderConfig, rowCount?: number | null)
     });
   }
 
-  // Crowded category axis: a bar/line/area pairing a discrete category against a
-  // *raw* (un-aggregated, un-binned) measure draws one mark — and one axis label —
-  // per row, so a large dataset becomes an unreadable picket fence of labels (the
-  // builder's own default does this: first column on X, second on Y, no aggregate).
-  // We can only flag the un-aggregated case, where mark-count == rowCount exactly;
-  // an *aggregated* axis that still has many distinct categories needs per-column
-  // distinct counts we don't profile yet (backlog A2/A3). The fix follows the canon:
-  // aggregate the measure to one mark per category, or — for a bar — flip to a
-  // horizontal bar where long labels stay readable (FT Visual Vocabulary: bar is
-  // "good when … labels have long category names"; Datawrapper: long category lists
-  // belong on a horizontal bar).
-  if (
-    (mark === 'bar' || mark === 'line' || mark === 'area') &&
-    typeof rowCount === 'number' &&
-    rowCount > CROWDED_CATEGORY_ROWS
-  ) {
-    const category = sortableCategoryChannel(config); // the discrete axis of a category-vs-measure pair
+  // Crowded category axis: a bar/line/area whose discrete category axis carries too
+  // many entries to label legibly. Two ways it happens, mutually exclusive:
+  //   1. A *raw* (un-aggregated, un-binned) measure draws one mark per row, so the
+  //      label count == rowCount — flagged from rowCount alone (the builder's own
+  //      default does this: first column on X, second on Y, no aggregate).
+  //   2. Otherwise (aggregated/binned), one mark per *category* — crowded only when
+  //      the category column itself has many distinct values, which needs the
+  //      profiled cardinality (columnStats) and is skipped without it.
+  // The remedy follows the canon: for case 1 aggregate to one mark per category; for
+  // either, a bar can flip to horizontal where long labels stay readable (FT Visual
+  // Vocabulary: bar is "good when … labels have long category names"; Datawrapper:
+  // long category lists belong on a horizontal bar).
+  if (mark === 'bar' || mark === 'line' || mark === 'area') {
+    const category = sortableCategoryChannel(config); // discrete axis of a category-vs-measure pair
     const measure = category ? config.encodings[category === 'x' ? 'y' : 'x'] : null;
-    if (category && measure && !measure.aggregate && !measure.bin) {
-      const fix =
-        mark === 'bar'
-          ? 'Aggregate the measure (e.g. Sum or Mean) for one bar per category, or use Swap X/Y for a horizontal bar where long labels stay readable.'
-          : 'Aggregate the measure (e.g. Sum or Mean) so there is one mark per category, or reduce the number of categories.';
+    if (category && measure) {
+      const rawMeasure = !measure.aggregate && !measure.bin;
+      if (rawMeasure && typeof rowCount === 'number' && rowCount > CROWDED_CATEGORY_ROWS) {
+        const fix =
+          mark === 'bar'
+            ? 'Aggregate the measure (e.g. Sum or Mean) for one bar per category, or use Swap X/Y for a horizontal bar where long labels stay readable.'
+            : 'Aggregate the measure (e.g. Sum or Mean) so there is one mark per category, or reduce the number of categories.';
+        warnings.push({
+          channel: category,
+          message: `This draws one mark per row (${rowCount} in this dataset), so the category-axis labels will overlap. ${fix}`,
+        });
+      } else {
+        const stats = statsFor(config.encodings[category]?.field, columns);
+        if (stats && stats.distinct > CROWDED_CATEGORY_DISTINCT) {
+          const fix =
+            mark === 'bar'
+              ? 'Use Swap X/Y for a horizontal bar where long lists stay readable, or filter to fewer categories.'
+              : 'Filter to fewer categories, or group the long tail into an "Other".';
+          warnings.push({
+            channel: category,
+            message: `This category axis has ${cardinalityText(stats)} distinct values, so its labels will overlap. ${fix}`,
+          });
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Crowded colour legend: a discrete colour series with many distinct values makes
+  // the legend too long to scan and forces the palette to recycle hues. A continuous
+  // colour ramp (quantitative/temporal) has no per-value legend, so this is for
+  // discrete colour only (Datawrapper/FT cap categorical colour low).
+  const color = config.encodings.color ?? null;
+  if (color && !isMeasureMapping(color)) {
+    const stats = statsFor(color.field, columns);
+    if (stats && stats.distinct > CROWDED_LEGEND_DISTINCT) {
       warnings.push({
-        channel: category,
-        message: `This draws one mark per row (${rowCount} in this dataset), so the category-axis labels will overlap. ${fix}`,
+        channel: 'color',
+        message: `Colour has ${cardinalityText(stats)} categories — a legend that long is hard to scan and the palette will repeat hues. Group rarer categories, or map this field to the X axis instead.`,
+      });
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Negative-value Size guard (Draco hard.lp:56 size_negative): symbol size encodes
+  // magnitude, so negatives render as zero/clipped area and mislead. The type gate
+  // (isChannelTypeAllowed) can't catch this — it needs the data — so we flag it from
+  // the profiled numeric extent.
+  const size = config.encodings.size ?? null;
+  if (size?.field) {
+    const stats = statsFor(size.field, columns);
+    if (stats?.numericExtent && stats.numericExtent.min < 0) {
+      warnings.push({
+        channel: 'size',
+        message: `Size can't show negative values, but "${size.field}" goes down to ${stats.numericExtent.min}. Negative magnitudes render as tiny or clipped symbols — encode this field with Colour (a diverging scale) instead, or filter to non-negative values.`,
       });
     }
   }
diff --git a/src/core/dataset.ts b/src/core/dataset.ts
index 995b1c9..1844f6d 100644
--- a/src/core/dataset.ts
+++ b/src/core/dataset.ts
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
  */
 
 import type { DataFormat } from './format-detection';
-import { profileData, type DatasetProfile } from './profile';
+import { profileData, type ColumnStats, type DatasetProfile } from './profile';
 import type { ColumnType } from './type-inference';
 
 /** Current schema version for a Dataset record (read-time migration target). */
@@ -53,6 +53,8 @@ export interface Dataset {
   columns: string[];
   /** Per-column inferred type. */
   columnTypes: Array<{ name: string; type: ColumnType }>;
+  /** Per-column cardinality + numeric range (empty for URL / non-tabular). */
+  columnStats: ColumnStats[];
   /** Approximate payload size in bytes. */
   size: number;
   /** ISO timestamp — when first added. */
@@ -243,9 +245,10 @@ export interface CreateDatasetOptions {
 
 /**
  * Create a Dataset: stamps version/timestamps and runs `computeDatasetProfile` to
- * fill the derived summary fields. `id` defaults to `Date.now()` (numeric;
- * collision-prone for batch creation — see the DatasetStore.add TODO) and is
- * injectable for tests.
+ * fill the derived summary fields. `id` defaults to `Date.now()` (numeric) and is
+ * injectable for tests; note that `DatasetStore` is the id authority and reassigns
+ * a collision-free id on insertion (`nextDatasetId`), so this default never reaches
+ * storage through the normal create paths.
  */
 export function createDataset(options: CreateDatasetOptions): Dataset {
   const now = options.now ?? new Date();
@@ -264,6 +267,7 @@ export function createDataset(options: CreateDatasetOptions): Dataset {
     columnCount: profile.columnCount,
     columns: profile.columns,
     columnTypes: profile.columnTypes,
+    columnStats: profile.columnStats,
     size: profile.size,
     created: iso,
     modified: iso,
diff --git a/src/core/import-normalize.test.ts b/src/core/import-normalize.test.ts
index aa02f88..7c1b24b 100644
--- a/src/core/import-normalize.test.ts
+++ b/src/core/import-normalize.test.ts
@@ -59,6 +59,10 @@ function datasetRecord(over: Partial<Dataset> = {}): Dataset {
       { name: 'a', type: 'number' },
       { name: 'b', type: 'number' },
     ],
+    columnStats: [
+      { name: 'a', distinct: 1, distinctCapped: false, numericExtent: { min: 1, max: 1 } },
+      { name: 'b', distinct: 1, distinctCapped: false, numericExtent: { min: 2, max: 2 } },
+    ],
     size: 7,
     created: '2025-01-01T00:00:00.000Z',
     modified: '2025-01-01T00:00:00.000Z',
diff --git a/src/core/import-normalize.ts b/src/core/import-normalize.ts
index eab17e5..0e35b2d 100644
--- a/src/core/import-normalize.ts
+++ b/src/core/import-normalize.ts
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 import { CURRENT_DATASET_VERSION, type DataSource, type Dataset } from './dataset';
 import type { DataFormat } from './format-detection';
 import { makeUniqueName } from './naming';
+import type { ColumnStats } from './profile';
 import { CURRENT_SNIPPET_VERSION, type Snippet } from './snippet';
 import { extractDatasetRefs, recomputeDatasetRefs, renameDatasetInSpec } from './spec-refs';
 import type { ColumnType } from './type-inference';
@@ -173,6 +174,7 @@ function normalizeDataset(raw: unknown, nowIso: string): Dataset {
     columnTypes: Array.isArray(r.columnTypes)
       ? (r.columnTypes as Array<{ name: string; type: ColumnType }>)
       : [],
+    columnStats: Array.isArray(r.columnStats) ? (r.columnStats as ColumnStats[]) : [],
     size: typeof r.size === 'number' ? r.size : 0,
     created,
     modified,
diff --git a/src/core/profile.test.ts b/src/core/profile.test.ts
index b7b6a44..555f203 100644
--- a/src/core/profile.test.ts
+++ b/src/core/profile.test.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { describe, expect, test } from 'vitest';
-import { profileData } from './profile';
+import { DISTINCT_CAP, profileData } from './profile';
 
 describe('profileData', () => {
   test('profiles a JSON-array dataset fully', () => {
@@ -53,3 +53,47 @@ describe('profileData', () => {
     expect(profile.columnTypes).toEqual([{ name: 'v', type: 'number' }]);
   });
 });
+
+describe('profileData — column stats (cardinality + numeric extent)', () => {
+  test('counts distinct values and reports numeric extent for number columns', () => {
+    const rows = [
+      { region: 'N', sales: 10 },
+      { region: 'S', sales: -4 },
+      { region: 'N', sales: 25 }, // region repeats → 2 distinct, not 3
+    ];
+    const stats = profileData(rows, 0).columnStats;
+    expect(stats).toEqual([
+      { name: 'region', distinct: 2, distinctCapped: false, numericExtent: null },
+      { name: 'sales', distinct: 3, distinctCapped: false, numericExtent: { min: -4, max: 25 } },
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  test('distinct counting is empty-insensitive and case/whitespace literal', () => {
+    const rows = [{ c: 'A' }, { c: ' A ' }, { c: '' }, { c: null }, { c: 'b' }];
+    // '  A  ' trims to 'A' (one key); '' and null are empties (no signal) → 2 distinct.
+    expect(profileData(rows, 0).columnStats[0]).toEqual({
+      name: 'c',
+      distinct: 2,
+      distinctCapped: false,
+      numericExtent: null,
+    });
+  });
+
+  test('caps distinct at DISTINCT_CAP and flags the overflow', () => {
+    const rows = Array.from({ length: DISTINCT_CAP + 25 }, (_, i) => ({ id: `v${i}` }));
+    const stat = profileData(rows, 0).columnStats[0];
+    expect(stat.distinct).toBe(DISTINCT_CAP);
+    expect(stat.distinctCapped).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  test('numericExtent is null for a non-numeric column even if some cells parse', () => {
+    // A 'string' column (one non-numeric value knocks the type down) carries no extent.
+    const rows = [{ v: '1' }, { v: '2' }, { v: 'oops' }];
+    const stat = profileData(rows, 0).columnStats[0];
+    expect(stat.numericExtent).toBeNull();
+  });
+
+  test('N/A profile carries empty column stats', () => {
+    expect(profileData(null, 9).columnStats).toEqual([]);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/src/core/profile.ts b/src/core/profile.ts
index f6ac29d..dd3c83b 100644
--- a/src/core/profile.ts
+++ b/src/core/profile.ts
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
  *     determinism (arch 06 §4).
  */
 
-import { inferColumnType, type ColumnType } from './type-inference';
+import { inferColumnType, isEmpty, isNumeric, type ColumnType } from './type-inference';
 
 export interface ColumnTypeInfo {
   /** The column name. */
@@ -28,6 +28,33 @@ export interface ColumnTypeInfo {
   type: ColumnType;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Cap on distinct values counted per column. Past this the exact count stops
+ * mattering for the chart-guidance hints (a legend or category axis with 50
+ * entries is already unreadable), so counting stops and `distinctCapped` flags
+ * that the true cardinality is at least this. Sampled like type inference (head of
+ * the data), so it is an estimate — fine for soft advisories, not a guarantee.
+ */
+export const DISTINCT_CAP = 50;
+
+/**
+ * Per-column cardinality + numeric range, derived in the same sample pass as type
+ * inference (arch 06 §4) to power the Chart Builder's data-aware Tier-B hints:
+ * a crowded colour legend / category axis (`distinct`), and the negative-value
+ * Size guard (`numericExtent`). Distinct from `ColumnTypeInfo` because it answers
+ * "what shape is this data" rather than "what type to encode it as".
+ */
+export interface ColumnStats {
+  /** Column name (matches a `columns` entry). */
+  name: string;
+  /** Distinct non-empty values in the sample, capped at `DISTINCT_CAP`. */
+  distinct: number;
+  /** True when `distinct` hit the cap — the real cardinality is ≥ `DISTINCT_CAP`. */
+  distinctCapped: boolean;
+  /** Min/max over numeric values, for numeric columns only; `null` otherwise. */
+  numericExtent: { min: number; max: number } | null;
+}
+
 export interface DatasetProfile {
   /** Data rows, or `null` when N/A (URL / non-tabular). */
   rowCount: number | null;
@@ -37,6 +64,8 @@ export interface DatasetProfile {
   columns: string[];
   /** Per-column inferred type. */
   columnTypes: ColumnTypeInfo[];
+  /** Per-column cardinality + numeric range (empty when N/A). */
+  columnStats: ColumnStats[];
   /** Approximate payload size in bytes. */
   size: number;
 }
@@ -47,6 +76,7 @@ const naProfile = (size: number): DatasetProfile => ({
   columnCount: null,
   columns: [],
   columnTypes: [],
+  columnStats: [],
   size,
 });
 
@@ -59,6 +89,45 @@ const SAMPLE_SIZE = 200;
 const sampleRows = <T>(rows: ReadonlyArray<T>): ReadonlyArray<T> =>
   rows.length <= SAMPLE_SIZE ? rows : rows.slice(0, SAMPLE_SIZE);
 
+/** A canonical key for distinct-counting (trim strings; stringify the rest). */
+const distinctKey = (v: unknown): string => (typeof v === 'string' ? v.trim() : String(v));
+
+/**
+ * Cardinality + numeric extent for one column's sampled values. Distinct counting
+ * stops growing the set once it passes `DISTINCT_CAP` (the extra value reveals the
+ * overflow), but the extent scan continues over every value. Extent is reported
+ * only for `number` columns — the only ones the Size channel can encode — using
+ * the same numeric test as type inference, so the two never disagree.
+ */
+function columnStatsFor(name: string, values: readonly unknown[], type: ColumnType): ColumnStats {
+  const seen = new Set<string>();
+  let capped = false;
+  let min = Infinity;
+  let max = -Infinity;
+  let sawNumber = false;
+
+  for (const v of values) {
+    if (isEmpty(v)) continue;
+    if (!capped) {
+      seen.add(distinctKey(v));
+      if (seen.size > DISTINCT_CAP) capped = true;
+    }
+    if (type === 'number' && isNumeric(v)) {
+      sawNumber = true;
+      const n = typeof v === 'number' ? v : Number(String(v).trim());
+      if (n < min) min = n;
+      if (n > max) max = n;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return {
+    name,
+    distinct: capped ? DISTINCT_CAP : seen.size,
+    distinctCapped: capped,
+    numericExtent: sawNumber ? { min, max } : null,
+  };
+}
+
 /**
  * Profile a dataset payload. `rows` is the tabular form (CSV/TSV/JSON-array)
  * already parsed to rows-of-objects, or `null` for URL / non-tabular data;
@@ -84,20 +153,25 @@ export function profileData(
   if (columns.length === 0) return naProfile(size);
 
   const sample = sampleRows(rows);
-  // TODO (backlog: docs/chart-builder-research.md §8 — A3/A4 enabler): in this same
-  // sample pass, also derive a capped per-column distinct count (cardinality, cap ~50)
-  // and numeric extent (min/max → sign), surfaced on DatasetProfile, to power the Chart
-  // Builder's crowded-legend / high-cardinality warnings and its negative-value Size guard.
-  const columnTypes = columns.map((name) => ({
-    name,
-    type: inferColumnType(sample.map((r) => r[name])),
-  }));
+  // One pass per column over the sample: the inferred display type, plus the
+  // cardinality + numeric extent that power the Chart Builder's data-aware hints
+  // (crowded legend / category axis, negative-value Size guard — see chart-builder
+  // `builderWarnings`; docs/chart-builder-research.md §8).
+  const columnTypes: ColumnTypeInfo[] = [];
+  const columnStats: ColumnStats[] = [];
+  for (const name of columns) {
+    const values = sample.map((r) => r[name]);
+    const type = inferColumnType(values);
+    columnTypes.push({ name, type });
+    columnStats.push(columnStatsFor(name, values, type));
+  }
 
   return {
     rowCount: rows.length,
     columnCount: columns.length,
     columns,
     columnTypes,
+    columnStats,
     size,
   };
 }
diff --git a/src/core/type-inference.ts b/src/core/type-inference.ts
index 2651dc9..900979d 100644
--- a/src/core/type-inference.ts
+++ b/src/core/type-inference.ts
@@ -24,11 +24,11 @@
 export type ColumnType = 'number' | 'string' | 'date' | 'boolean';
 
 /** Empty cells (null/undefined/whitespace-only string) carry no type signal. */
-const isEmpty = (v: unknown): boolean =>
+export const isEmpty = (v: unknown): boolean =>
   v === null || v === undefined || (typeof v === 'string' && v.trim() === '');
 
 /** Native numbers pass when finite; strings must parse to a finite, non-NaN number. */
-const isNumeric = (v: unknown): boolean => {
+export const isNumeric = (v: unknown): boolean => {
   if (typeof v === 'number') return Number.isFinite(v);
   if (typeof v !== 'string') return false;
   const t = v.trim();