Add aggregation, binning, granularity, sort, and stacking to the Chart Builder

- Per-channel transforms: aggregate (sum/mean/median/min/max), quantitative
  bin, and temporal timeUnit granularity; bin and aggregate are mutually
  exclusive. A field-less "Count of records" measure (Voyager's count(*)).
- Chart-level sort (rank a categorical axis by its measure) and stacking
  (zero / 100% normalize), each shown only when it applies.
- Field type is a fixed N|O|Q|T segmented control with the column's invalid
  types disabled; SegmentedControl gains APG-correct disabled options.
- A crowded-category-axis warning (a raw measure drawing one mark per row over
  a large dataset) and a disabled-Create hint (says why it's disabled).
- Drop the Create success toast — the new snippet is immediately visible.
- Docs: spec §06, research-doc §8 backlog (incl. the cardinality/extent
  profiling TODO), architecture 01 (stable-selector rule) and 05 (builder-local
  preview), and a profiling breadcrumb.

docs/IMPLEMENTATION-PLAN.md

@@ -284,6 +284,11 @@ the reference.
 
 **Goal:** no-JSON chart composition from a dataset → a new snippet.
 
+> **Enhancement backlog** beyond the Tier-B floor (aggregation, binning, stacking,
+> temporal granularity, sort/orientation, cardinality-based warnings, Tier C
+> intent-first) lives in [`docs/chart-builder-research.md`](chart-builder-research.md) §8
+> — its single home, so these stop living in chat.
+
 **Core**
 
 - `chart-builder.ts` — pure spec assembler: (mark ∈ Bar/Line/Point/Area/Circle) +

docs/architecture/01-state-and-stores.md

@@ -87,6 +87,26 @@ const { activeModal, uiTheme } = useAppStore(
 );
 ```
 
+**`useShallow` only helps when the elements are stable.** It shallow-compares the
+result — array elements (or object values) by `Object.is`. A selector that
+**computes** a fresh collection of fresh objects each call (e.g.
+`useShallow((s) => buildWarnings(s.config))`) defeats it: every element is a new
+reference, so the result never compares equal, `useSyncExternalStore` re-renders
+forever, and React throws _"Maximum update depth exceeded"_ (a white screen). A
+selector must return a **primitive** or a **stored reference** — never a freshly
+built array/object. Derive computed collections in the component with `useMemo`
+over a stable slice instead:
+
+```tsx
+const config = useChartBuilderStore((s) => s.config); // stored ref, stable between updates
+const warnings = useMemo(() => builderWarnings(config), [config]); // recompute only on change
+```
+
+This is a render-time loop, so core/store unit tests stay green and miss it. A bare
+`react-dom/client` + `react`'s `act` mount test catches it with **no test-library
+dependency** — mount the component in the looping config and assert it doesn't throw
+(prove the guard by reverting the fix first). See `ChartBuilderModal.test.tsx`.
+
 ### Reading/writing outside components
 
 Services, orchestration, infrastructure, and tests use the store object directly —

docs/architecture/05-rendering-theming-preview.md

@@ -352,6 +352,18 @@ blank mid-edit.
 - **Don't** render synchronously on every keystroke.
 - **Don't** await a render inside an input/keydown handler.
 
+### A second preview surface: the Chart Builder
+
+The editor's `LivePreview` is **bound to the snippet editor** — it reads `SnippetStore`
+(shown spec), `AppStore` (fit mode/theme), and `PreviewStore` (shared error). The
+**Chart Builder modal** needs a preview of a _different_ spec source (its config), so it
+does **not** reuse `LivePreview`; it runs its own small debounced render over the same
+`chart-renderer.renderSpec` + `prepareSpecForRender`, with **local** error state (never the
+shared `PreviewStore`, which would cross-talk with the editor). Two preview surfaces, one
+renderer service. Builder flow: `chart-builder.ts` (pure spec assembler) → `ChartBuilderStore`
+(config + create) → `ChartBuilderModal`'s `BuilderPreview`. Reach for a reusable preview
+component only if a _third_ surface appears.
+
 ---
 
 ## 6. Rendering Contract Lives Upstream (reference)

docs/chart-builder-research.md

@@ -198,6 +198,74 @@ The highest-value guardrails — encodings a naive UI emits that the canon rejec
 - An **all-categorical chart with no measure** (Draco soft w=30, the loudest) — warned.
 - A **number typed Nominal** (Draco soft w=10) — discouraged via default = Quantitative.
 
+## 8. Future enhancements (backlog)
+
+The Tier-B build is the floor, not the ceiling. The enhancements below were surfaced by
+the research; this is their single home (the milestone plan's M4 row points here). Status
+as of 2026-06-06.
+
+**A · Cheap wins inside the current 5-mark / 4-channel scope**
+
+- **A1 · Sort-on-ranking** _(done)_ — chart-level Sort control (Asc/Desc/None) sorts the
+  categorical axis by the measure (FT: "bars display ranks much more easily when sorted").
+  Appears only for a category-vs-measure pair.
+- **A2 · Bar orientation** _(partly done)_ — the **Swap X/Y** control is the manual path to
+  a horizontal bar, and the crowded-axis hint (A3, below) now auto-suggests it for the
+  un-aggregated case. A general "long labels → go horizontal" suggestion on _any_ vertical
+  bar is still deferred (needs a label-length / cardinality signal); a blanket warning was
+  rejected — it would fire on every ordinary vertical bar.
+- **A3 · Crowded-axis & high-cardinality warnings** _(partly done)_ —
+  - _Done:_ the **un-aggregated crowded axis** — a bar/line/area with a category axis and a
+    **raw** measure draws one mark (and one label) per row, so over `CROWDED_CATEGORY_ROWS`
+    (30) rows it warns and points to aggregating, or a horizontal bar. Row-count-based:
+    `builderWarnings(config, rowCount)`, with `rowCount` from the loaded dataset; detects
+    exactly the mark-count == row-count case (URL/non-tabular → `rowCount` null → skipped).
+  - _Remaining (needs the profiling extension below):_ an **aggregated** axis that still has
+    many distinct **categories**, an unreadable **Color legend** (>10/>20 categories), and
+    **number-typed-Nominal**. All need per-column **cardinality**, which the profile lacks.
+- **A4 · Data-aware Size guard** _(deferred — needs the profiling extension)_ — exclude
+  **negative**-valued columns from Size (Draco `hard.lp:56`; size implies positive
+  magnitude). Today only the type-level Size discipline is enforced.
+
+> **TODO — profiling extension (the A3-remaining + A4 enabler).** `profile.ts` computes only
+> `rowCount` / `columnCount` / `columnTypes`. Extend it, in the **same sample pass** that
+> already feeds `inferColumnType` (so it's nearly free), to also derive per column: a
+> **capped distinct count** (cardinality — cap at ~50; a sampled count is enough for a
+> ">N categories" threshold, no full scan) and a **numeric extent** (min/max → sign).
+> Surface them on `DatasetProfile` (alongside `columnTypes`). Then: `builderWarnings` consumes
+> cardinality (legend/axis crowding) and the Size gate consumes sign (A4). **Caveats:**
+> URL / non-tabular datasets have no rows at profile time → these fields are null and the
+> dependent warnings simply skip; and stored datasets predate the field, so this needs a
+> recompute-on-read or a `dataset-migrations` bump (see architecture 02 / 06). Keep
+> thresholds in `chart-builder.ts` constants like `CROWDED_CATEGORY_ROWS`.
+
+**B · Transform-enabled coverage (new core capability + §06 extension)** _(done)_
+
+- **B5 · Aggregation** _(done)_ — per-channel `sum` / `mean` / `median` / `min` / `max`, plus
+  a field-less "Count of records" measure (Voyager's `count(*)`). The priority item.
+- **B6 · Binning** _(done)_ — `bin` on a quantitative field → true histograms (closes the
+  Distribution gap); mutually exclusive with aggregate on the same field.
+- **B7 · Stacking** _(done)_ — `stack` (`zero` / `normalize`) for bar/area + a Color series →
+  part-to-whole (closes that gap; enables 100%-stacked).
+- **Temporal granularity** _(done)_ — Vega-Lite `timeUnit` (Year / Quarter / Month / Week /
+  Day / Hour, plus combined units) on a Temporal field; defaults to None (raw).
+- **B8 · Faceting (Row / Column → small multiples)** _(next increment, after A+B + UI land)_
+  — two more channels that multiply the chart into a trellis, the clean way to compare many
+  categories (Voyager has it; FT/Datawrapper recommend small multiples; we currently can't
+  express them). Still mark-first, so a Tier-B extension. **Axis alignment** is the design
+  crux: Vega-Lite facets default to **shared scales** (aligned axes) — keep that as the
+  default; expose an "independent axes" toggle (`resolve.scale`) only as an advanced option.
+  **Verify** faceting against the preview's `"container"` fit modes before trusting it
+  (per-cell sizing on facets is finicky). Sequenced as additive after the current build.
+
+**C · Intent-first front door (Tier C)** _(deferred)_ — see §5. "What do you want to
+show?" → recommend mark + channels from the FT/Datawrapper taxonomy × column types; where
+Munzner + Wilke would be seated.
+
+**D · Plumbing** — **D9** URL hash routing for the open builder (owned by **M6**, spec
+§01E); **D10** a GOV.UK/NN-g copy pass over the guidance-hint wording (the M4 council
+seating's residual one-off debt).
+
 ---
 
 _Citations are to files under `/Users/oleh/code/reference/`. The seated chart-choice

docs/spec/06-chart-builder.md

@@ -33,12 +33,30 @@ A two-pane modal:
   - Optionally overrides the channel's **field type**. The override appears only once a column is selected, and offers only the **types valid for that column** (Tier B valid-type locking) — a string/boolean column never offers Quantitative, and only a date column offers Temporal. Concretely: number → {Quantitative (default), Ordinal, Nominal}; date → {Temporal}; text → {Nominal (default), Ordinal}; boolean → {Nominal}. When a column admits only one valid type, no override control is shown.
 - When a column is chosen, its field type defaults from the dataset's inferred column type (numeric → Quantitative, date → Temporal, otherwise Nominal); the user may change it within the valid set above.
 - **Size discipline:** the **Size** channel accepts only Quantitative or Ordinal columns — size implies an ordered magnitude, so categorical (Nominal) and Temporal columns are not offered for Size (they remain available on X/Y/Color). A column that can't go on Size is shown disabled there with a brief reason.
+- The column dropdown also offers a field-less **"Count of records"** measure (Vega-Lite `count`) — a quantitative count of the rows, with no column.
 - Clearing a channel back to "None" leaves it out of the produced spec.
 - A **Swap X/Y** control exchanges the X and Y mappings (field and type) in one click, for quickly flipping the axes of the pre-populated default without re-selecting both columns.
 
+The field-type override is presented as a fixed **`N | O | Q | T`** segmented control (abbreviations with full-name tooltips, after _Datasets_' Nominal/Ordinal/Quantitative/Temporal), always showing all four with the column's invalid types **disabled** rather than hidden — so the control keeps one shape on every channel.
+
+### Transforms (per channel)
+
+Once a column is mapped, the channel offers the transforms that apply to its field type — and only those:
+
+- **Aggregate** (a measure / Quantitative field): one of `Sum`, `Mean`, `Median`, `Min`, `Max`, or `None`. (The field-less `Count` measure is chosen via the "Count of records" column option above.)
+- **Bin** (a Quantitative field): bins the values into ranges — e.g. a Quantitative X binned with a Count Y is a histogram. Binning and aggregating the same field are mutually exclusive (setting one clears the other).
+- **Granularity** (a Temporal field): a Vega-Lite `timeUnit` — Year, Year-Quarter, Year-Month, Year-Month-Day, Quarter, Month, Week, Day of month, Day of week, Hour — or `None` (raw timestamps). Defaults to **None** (no silent change to what the raw data shows).
+
+### Sort and stacking (chart-level)
+
+These controls appear only when they apply:
+
+- **Sort** (when X and Y form a category-vs-measure pair): sorts the categorical axis by the measure — `Ascending`, `Descending`, or `None` — the standard way to rank a bar chart.
+- **Stacking** (a Bar or Area mark with a Color series): `Stacked` (absolute) or `100%` (normalized, part-to-whole). Bars/areas without a Color series, or other marks, show no stacking control.
+
 ### Default pre-population
 
-- On open, the first detected column is assigned to **X** and the second (if any) to **Y**, each with its derived field type. Remaining channels start unmapped. The mark starts at the smart default for that X/Y shape (see _Mark type_), not unconditionally Bar.
+- On open, the first detected column is assigned to **X** and the second (if any) to **Y**, each with its derived field type and no transforms. Remaining channels start unmapped. The mark starts at the smart default for that X/Y shape (see _Mark type_), not unconditionally Bar.
 
 ### Guidance (non-blocking)
 
@@ -48,6 +66,7 @@ The builder surfaces short, plain-language hints for configurations that render
 - A **Bar/Line/Area** whose X and Y are both categories (nothing to measure).
 - **Two measures** on a non-scatter mark (a scatter — Point/Circle — usually reads better).
 - An **Area** chart split into multiple colour series (per-series change is hard to see).
+- A **Bar/Line/Area** that pairs a category axis with a **raw (un-aggregated) measure** over a many-row dataset — it draws one mark, and one axis label, per row, so the category axis becomes an unreadable picket fence. The hint suggests aggregating the measure (one mark per category) or, for a bar, flipping to a horizontal bar (Swap X/Y) where long labels stay readable (FT Visual Vocabulary / Datawrapper). Only the un-aggregated case (mark-count = row-count) is detected; flagging an _aggregated_ axis that still has many distinct categories needs per-column distinct counts the profiler does not yet compute (a known gap).
 
 A clean configuration shows no hints.
 
@@ -72,12 +91,11 @@ A clean configuration shows no hints.
 
 Selecting "Create Snippet" produces the final artifact:
 
-- Builds a complete Vega-Lite spec containing: the schema reference, a named data reference to the dataset, the chosen mark (with tooltips enabled), the mapped encodings (each with its field and field type), and any explicit width/height.
+- Builds a complete Vega-Lite spec containing: the schema reference, a named data reference to the dataset, the chosen mark (with tooltips enabled), the mapped encodings (each with its field and field type, plus any aggregate / bin / `timeUnit` transform), chart-level sort and stacking where set, and any explicit width/height.
 - Channels left unmapped are omitted; if no encodings exist the spec omits the encoding block entirely (prevented by validation here).
 - Creates a new snippet from that spec with an auto-generated descriptive name, adds it to the snippet library, and records that it was built from the dataset.
 - Links the snippet to the dataset by recording the dataset reference, so the bidirectional snippet↔dataset relationship is established (see _Datasets_).
-- Raises a success toast naming the created snippet.
-- Closes the builder; the newly created snippet becomes the active snippet in the library/editor.
+- Closes the builder; the newly created snippet becomes the active snippet in the library/editor. **No success toast** — the result is immediately visible (the new snippet opens in the editor), so a toast would be noise (architecture 10 §1, "toast only what the user can't already see"). This refines the earlier blanket "every action toasts" rule, consistent with the Extract-to-dataset / publish reconciliation.
 
 ## Closing
 

src/app/components/ChartBuilderModal.module.css

@@ -80,9 +80,20 @@
   outline-offset: 1px;
 }
 
-.channelRow {
+/* Each channel is a small block: a top row (label + column) and, when mapped, a
+   controls row (N|O|Q|T type + contextual transforms). */
+.channel {
+  display: flex;
+  flex-direction: column;
+  gap: var(--space-2);
+  padding: var(--space-3);
+  border: var(--border-width) solid var(--border);
+  border-radius: var(--radius);
+}
+
+.channelTop {
   display: grid;
-  grid-template-columns: 48px 1fr auto;
+  grid-template-columns: 44px 1fr;
   align-items: center;
   gap: var(--space-2);
 }
@@ -93,8 +104,15 @@
   color: var(--text);
 }
 
-.select,
-.typeSelect {
+.channelControls {
+  display: flex;
+  flex-wrap: wrap;
+  align-items: center;
+  gap: var(--space-2);
+  padding-left: 52px;
+}
+
+.select {
   padding: var(--space-2) var(--space-3);
   border: var(--border-width) solid var(--border-strong);
   border-radius: var(--radius);
@@ -102,14 +120,52 @@
   color: var(--text);
   font: inherit;
   font-size: 13px;
+  width: 100%;
 }
 
-.typeSelect {
+/* The N|O|Q|T type control: monospace abbreviations so the four segments line up. */
+.typeSeg button {
+  font-family: var(--font-mono);
+  font-size: 11px;
+  padding: var(--space-1) var(--space-2);
+}
+
+.transform {
+  display: inline-flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  gap: 6px;
+}
+
+.miniLabel {
+  font-size: 11px;
+  color: var(--text-placeholder);
+}
+
+.mini {
+  padding: var(--space-1) var(--space-2);
+  border: var(--border-width) solid var(--border-strong);
+  border-radius: var(--radius);
+  background: var(--bg);
+  color: var(--text);
+  font: inherit;
   font-size: 12px;
 }
 
+.toggle {
+  display: inline-flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  gap: 6px;
+  font-size: 12px;
+  color: var(--text-secondary);
+}
+
+.chartControls {
+  display: flex;
+  gap: var(--space-5);
+}
+
 .select:focus-visible,
-.typeSelect:focus-visible,
+.mini:focus-visible,
 .dimInput:focus-visible {
   outline: 2px solid var(--focus);
   outline-offset: -1px;
@@ -168,6 +224,15 @@
   color: var(--support-warning, var(--text-secondary));
 }
 
+/* Explains the disabled Create action (contract 10: a disabled control must say
+   why). `margin-top: auto` pins it just above the actions so the two read as one. */
+.createHint {
+  margin: auto 0 0;
+  font-size: 12px;
+  color: var(--text-secondary);
+  text-align: right;
+}
+
 .actions {
   display: flex;
   justify-content: flex-end;

src/app/components/ChartBuilderModal.tsx

@@ -2,12 +2,16 @@
  * Chart Builder — the modal body (spec §06).
  *
  * A two-pane composer: left is the configuration (dataset name, mark selector, one
- * row per channel, optional dimensions, guidance, Create), right is a live preview
- * of the spec the configuration produces. All spec logic and Tier-B defaults/guards
- * come from `@core/chart-builder` via `ChartBuilderStore`; this component is the
- * view. The preview is builder-local (its own debounced render over the shared
- * `chart-renderer` service) rather than a reuse of `LivePreview`, which is bound to
- * the snippet editor's stores.
+ * block per channel, chart-level sort/stacking, optional dimensions, guidance,
+ * Create), right is a live preview of the spec the configuration produces. All spec
+ * logic and Tier-B defaults/guards come from `@core/chart-builder` via
+ * `ChartBuilderStore`; this component is the view. Each channel is a small block:
+ * a column dropdown (with a field-less "Count of records" option), a fixed
+ * `N | O | Q | T` field-type segmented control (the column's invalid types are
+ * disabled), and the transforms that apply to its type (aggregate + bin for a
+ * measure, granularity for a temporal field). The preview is builder-local (its own
+ * debounced render over the shared `chart-renderer` service) rather than a reuse of
+ * `LivePreview`, which is bound to the snippet editor's stores.
  */
 
 import { useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react';
@@ -15,15 +19,25 @@ import { useShallow } from 'zustand/react/shallow';
 import type { VisualizationSpec } from 'vega-embed';
 import {
   CHANNELS,
+  FIELD_TYPES,
   MARK_TYPES,
+  TIME_UNITS,
   builderWarnings,
   defaultFieldType,
   isBuilderConfigValid,
   isChannelTypeAllowed,
+  supportsAggregate,
+  supportsBin,
+  supportsSort,
+  supportsStack,
+  supportsTimeUnit,
   validFieldTypes,
+  type AggregateOp,
+  type ChannelMapping,
   type ChannelName,
   type FieldType,
   type MarkType,
+  type TimeUnit,
 } from '@core/chart-builder';
 import type { ColumnType } from '@core/type-inference';
 import { DatasetNotFoundError, prepareSpecForRender } from '@core/rendering';
@@ -33,6 +47,7 @@ import { closeModal } from '../modals/ModalCoordinator';
 import { useAppStore } from '../stores/AppStore';
 import { useDatasetStore } from '../stores/DatasetStore';
 import {
+  COUNT_FIELD,
   selectBuilderSpecText,
   selectBuilderValid,
   useChartBuilderStore,
@@ -42,7 +57,7 @@ import styles from './ChartBuilderModal.module.css';
 
 const RENDER_DEBOUNCE_MS = 300;
 
-/** Title-case a token for display (e.g. `bar` → `Bar`, `quantitative` → `Quantitative`). */
+/** Title-case a token for display (e.g. `bar` → `Bar`, `sum` → `Sum`). */
 function titleCase(s: string): string {
   return s.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + s.slice(1);
 }
@@ -59,7 +74,33 @@ const CHANNEL_LABELS: Record<ChannelName, string> = {
   size: 'Size',
 };
 
-/** A compact type indicator for a column option (text · # · date · ✓). */
+/** The fixed N | O | Q | T field-type segments (terse, with full-name tooltips). */
+const TYPE_ORDER: readonly FieldType[] = ['nominal', 'ordinal', 'quantitative', 'temporal'];
+const TYPE_ABBR: Record<FieldType, string> = {
+  nominal: 'N',
+  ordinal: 'O',
+  quantitative: 'Q',
+  temporal: 'T',
+};
+
+/** Non-count aggregate operators offered for a quantitative field. */
+const FIELD_AGGREGATES: readonly AggregateOp[] = ['sum', 'mean', 'median', 'min', 'max'];
+
+/** Friendly labels for each temporal granularity. */
+const TIME_UNIT_LABELS: Record<TimeUnit, string> = {
+  year: 'Year',
+  yearquarter: 'Year-Quarter',
+  yearmonth: 'Year-Month',
+  yearmonthdate: 'Year-Month-Day',
+  quarter: 'Quarter',
+  month: 'Month',
+  week: 'Week',
+  date: 'Day of month',
+  day: 'Day of week',
+  hours: 'Hour',
+};
+
+/** A compact type indicator for a column option (# / date / bool / text). */
 function typeBadge(type: ColumnType): string {
   switch (type) {
     case 'number':
@@ -78,33 +119,52 @@ function columnAllowedOnChannel(channel: ChannelName, colType: ColumnType): bool
   return isChannelTypeAllowed(channel, defaultFieldType(colType));
 }
 
-function ChannelRow({ channel }: { channel: ChannelName }) {
+/** True when the mapping is the field-less Count-of-records measure. */
+function isCount(mapping: ChannelMapping | null): boolean {
+  return !!mapping && mapping.aggregate === 'count' && mapping.field === undefined;
+}
+
+function ChannelBlock({ channel }: { channel: ChannelName }) {
   const columns = useChartBuilderStore((s) => s.columns);
   const mapping = useChartBuilderStore((s) => s.config.encodings[channel] ?? null);
   const setChannelColumn = useChartBuilderStore((s) => s.setChannelColumn);
   const setChannelType = useChartBuilderStore((s) => s.setChannelType);
+  const setChannelAggregate = useChartBuilderStore((s) => s.setChannelAggregate);
+  const setChannelBin = useChartBuilderStore((s) => s.setChannelBin);
+  const setChannelTimeUnit = useChartBuilderStore((s) => s.setChannelTimeUnit);
 
   const colTypeOf = (name: string): ColumnType =>
     columns.columnTypes.find((c) => c.name === name)?.type ?? 'string';
 
-  // Type options valid for this column AND allowed on this channel (e.g. Size hides
-  // Nominal). Shown only when >1 option and a column is selected (spec §06).
-  const typeOptions: FieldType[] = mapping
-    ? validFieldTypes(colTypeOf(mapping.field)).filter((t) => isChannelTypeAllowed(channel, t))
-    : [];
+  // The fixed N|O|Q|T control: a column's invalid types and types disallowed on this
+  // channel (e.g. a category on Size) are disabled, never hidden, so the control keeps
+  // one shape on every channel (APG radio with disabled options).
+  const typeSegments: ReadonlyArray<SegmentedOption<FieldType>> = useMemo(() => {
+    const valid = mapping?.field !== undefined ? validFieldTypes(colTypeOf(mapping.field)) : [];
+    return TYPE_ORDER.filter((t) => FIELD_TYPES.includes(t)).map((t) => ({
+      value: t,
+      label: TYPE_ABBR[t],
+      title: titleCase(t),
+      disabled: !(valid.includes(t) && isChannelTypeAllowed(channel, t)),
+    }));
+    // eslint-disable-next-line react-hooks/exhaustive-deps
+  }, [channel, mapping?.field, columns]);
+
+  const selectValue =
+    mapping === null ? '' : isCount(mapping) ? COUNT_FIELD : (mapping.field ?? '');
 
   return (
-    <div className={styles.channelRow}>
-      <label className={styles.channelLabel} htmlFor={`ch-${channel}`}>
-        {CHANNEL_LABELS[channel]}
-      </label>
+    <div className={styles.channel}>
+      <div className={styles.channelTop}>
+        <span className={styles.channelLabel}>{CHANNEL_LABELS[channel]}</span>
         <select
-        id={`ch-${channel}`}
           className={styles.select}
-        value={mapping?.field ?? ''}
+          aria-label={`${CHANNEL_LABELS[channel]} column`}
+          value={selectValue}
           onChange={(e) => setChannelColumn(channel, e.target.value === '' ? null : e.target.value)}
         >
           <option value="">None</option>
+          <option value={COUNT_FIELD}>Count of records</option>
           {columns.columns.map((name) => {
             const allowed = columnAllowedOnChannel(channel, colTypeOf(name));
             return (
@@ -115,25 +175,89 @@ function ChannelRow({ channel }: { channel: ChannelName }) {
             );
           })}
         </select>
+      </div>
 
-      {mapping && typeOptions.length > 1 && (
-        <select
-          className={styles.typeSelect}
-          aria-label={`${CHANNEL_LABELS[channel]} field type`}
+      {mapping && !isCount(mapping) && (
+        <div className={styles.channelControls}>
+          <SegmentedControl
+            label={`${CHANNEL_LABELS[channel]} field type`}
+            options={typeSegments}
             value={mapping.type}
-          onChange={(e) => setChannelType(channel, e.target.value as FieldType)}
+            onChange={(t) => setChannelType(channel, t)}
+            className={styles.typeSeg}
+          />
+
+          {supportsAggregate(mapping.type) && (
+            <label className={styles.transform}>
+              <span className={styles.miniLabel}>Aggregate</span>
+              <select
+                className={styles.mini}
+                value={mapping.aggregate && mapping.aggregate !== 'count' ? mapping.aggregate : ''}
+                onChange={(e) =>
+                  setChannelAggregate(
+                    channel,
+                    (e.target.value || undefined) as AggregateOp | undefined,
+                  )
+                }
               >
-          {typeOptions.map((t) => (
-            <option key={t} value={t}>
-              {titleCase(t)}
+                <option value="">None</option>
+                {FIELD_AGGREGATES.map((op) => (
+                  <option key={op} value={op}>
+                    {titleCase(op)}
                   </option>
                 ))}
               </select>
+            </label>
+          )}
+
+          {supportsBin(mapping.type) && (
+            <label className={styles.toggle}>
+              <input
+                type="checkbox"
+                checked={!!mapping.bin}
+                onChange={(e) => setChannelBin(channel, e.target.checked)}
+              />
+              Bin
+            </label>
+          )}
+
+          {supportsTimeUnit(mapping.type) && (
+            <label className={styles.transform}>
+              <span className={styles.miniLabel}>Granularity</span>
+              <select
+                className={styles.mini}
+                value={mapping.timeUnit ?? ''}
+                onChange={(e) =>
+                  setChannelTimeUnit(channel, (e.target.value || undefined) as TimeUnit | undefined)
+                }
+              >
+                <option value="">None (raw)</option>
+                {TIME_UNITS.map((u) => (
+                  <option key={u} value={u}>
+                    {TIME_UNIT_LABELS[u]}
+                  </option>
+                ))}
+              </select>
+            </label>
+          )}
+        </div>
       )}
     </div>
   );
 }
 
+/** Sort control values: 'none' maps to an unsorted config. */
+const SORT_OPTIONS: ReadonlyArray<SegmentedOption<'none' | 'ascending' | 'descending'>> = [
+  { value: 'none', label: 'None' },
+  { value: 'ascending', label: 'Asc' },
+  { value: 'descending', label: 'Desc' },
+];
+
+const STACK_OPTIONS: ReadonlyArray<SegmentedOption<'zero' | 'normalize'>> = [
+  { value: 'zero', label: 'Stacked' },
+  { value: 'normalize', label: '100%' },
+];
+
 function BuilderPreview() {
   const hostRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null);
   const handleRef = useRef<RenderHandle | null>(null);
@@ -150,8 +274,6 @@ function BuilderPreview() {
     const timer = setTimeout(() => {
       void (async () => {
         const mine = ++generationRef.current;
-        // Below validation there is nothing to draw — clear the chart and show the
-        // configuration prompt, not an error (spec §06 → Live Preview placeholder).
         if (!valid) {
           handleRef.current?.destroy();
           handleRef.current = null;
@@ -189,7 +311,6 @@ function BuilderPreview() {
     return () => clearTimeout(timer);
   }, [specText, valid, uiTheme, datasets]);
 
-  // Finalize the view on unmount so the Vega view and its listeners don't leak.
   useEffect(
     () => () => {
       handleRef.current?.destroy();
@@ -221,24 +342,30 @@ export function ChartBuilderModal() {
   const mark = useChartBuilderStore((s) => s.config.mark);
   const width = useChartBuilderStore((s) => s.config.width);
   const height = useChartBuilderStore((s) => s.config.height);
+  const sort = useChartBuilderStore((s) => s.config.sort);
+  const stack = useChartBuilderStore((s) => s.config.stack);
   const setMark = useChartBuilderStore((s) => s.setMark);
   const swapXY = useChartBuilderStore((s) => s.swapXY);
+  const setSort = useChartBuilderStore((s) => s.setSort);
+  const setStack = useChartBuilderStore((s) => s.setStack);
   const setWidth = useChartBuilderStore((s) => s.setWidth);
   const setHeight = useChartBuilderStore((s) => s.setHeight);
   const runCreate = useChartBuilderStore((s) => s.createSnippet);
-  // Derive validity + guidance from the stable `config` reference via useMemo, NOT
-  // from a store selector: `builderWarnings` builds a fresh array of objects each
-  // call, which no selector-equality (even useShallow, since the element objects
-  // differ every time) can stabilize — subscribing to it would re-render forever.
+
+  // Validity + guidance + which chart-level controls apply are derived from the
+  // stable `config` reference via useMemo, NOT a store selector that would build a
+  // fresh array each render (which loops useSyncExternalStore — see SnippetStore note).
   const config = useChartBuilderStore((s) => s.config);
+  const rowCount = useChartBuilderStore((s) => s.rowCount);
   const valid = useMemo(() => isBuilderConfigValid(config), [config]);
-  const warnings = useMemo(() => builderWarnings(config), [config]);
+  const warnings = useMemo(() => builderWarnings(config, rowCount), [config, rowCount]);
+  const canSort = useMemo(() => supportsSort(config), [config]);
+  const canStack = useMemo(() => supportsStack(config), [config]);
 
   if (datasetId === null) {
     return <p className={styles.muted}>No dataset loaded. Open this from a dataset in Datasets.</p>;
   }
 
-  /** Parse a dimension input: blank → undefined, otherwise a non-negative integer. */
   const parseDim = (raw: string): number | undefined => {
     if (raw.trim() === '') return undefined;
     const n = Number(raw);
@@ -270,12 +397,39 @@ export function ChartBuilderModal() {
             </button>
           </div>
           {CHANNELS.map((channel) => (
-            <ChannelRow key={channel} channel={channel} />
+            <ChannelBlock key={channel} channel={channel} />
           ))}
         </div>
 
+        {(canSort || canStack) && (
+          <div className={styles.chartControls}>
+            {canSort && (
+              <div className={styles.field}>
+                <span className={styles.fieldLabel}>Sort</span>
+                <SegmentedControl
+                  label="Sort the category axis by its measure"
+                  options={SORT_OPTIONS}
+                  value={sort ?? 'none'}
+                  onChange={(v) => setSort(v === 'none' ? undefined : v)}
+                />
+              </div>
+            )}
+            {canStack && (
+              <div className={styles.field}>
+                <span className={styles.fieldLabel}>Stacking</span>
+                <SegmentedControl
+                  label="Stacking mode"
+                  options={STACK_OPTIONS}
+                  value={stack ?? 'zero'}
+                  onChange={setStack}
+                />
+              </div>
+            )}
+          </div>
+        )}
+
         <div className={styles.dimensions}>
-          <span className={styles.fieldLabel}>Dimensions (optional)</span>
+          <span className={styles.fieldLabel}>Size (optional)</span>
           <div className={styles.dimInputs}>
             <label className={styles.dimField}>
               <span>Width</span>
@@ -312,6 +466,11 @@ export function ChartBuilderModal() {
           </ul>
         )}
 
+        {!valid && (
+          <p id="cb-create-hint" className={styles.createHint}>
+            Map at least one channel to a column to create a snippet.
+          </p>
+        )}
         <div className={styles.actions}>
           <button type="button" className={styles.action} onClick={() => void closeModal()}>
             Cancel
@@ -320,6 +479,7 @@ export function ChartBuilderModal() {
             type="button"
             className={`${styles.action} ${styles.primary}`}
             disabled={!valid}
+            aria-describedby={!valid ? 'cb-create-hint' : undefined}
             onClick={() => runCreate()}
           >
             Create Snippet

src/app/components/SegmentedControl.module.css

@@ -40,3 +40,11 @@
   background: var(--layer-02);
   color: var(--text);
 }
+
+/* Disabled option: perceivable but inert (dimmed, no hover affordance). */
+.option[aria-disabled='true'],
+.option[aria-disabled='true']:hover {
+  color: var(--text-placeholder);
+  background: var(--bg);
+  cursor: not-allowed;
+}

src/app/components/SegmentedControl.tsx

@@ -20,6 +20,15 @@ import styles from './SegmentedControl.module.css';
 export interface SegmentedOption<T extends string> {
   value: T;
   label: string;
+  /**
+   * When true the option is shown but not selectable: `aria-disabled`, never the
+   * roving tab stop, skipped by Arrow/Home/End, and ignores clicks (APG radio —
+   * disabled options remain perceivable but inert). The selected value must never
+   * be a disabled option (callers keep the active value valid).
+   */
+  disabled?: boolean;
+  /** Full accessible name + hover tooltip when `label` is a terse abbreviation. */
+  title?: string;
 }
 
 interface SegmentedControlProps<T extends string> {
@@ -47,28 +56,38 @@ export function SegmentedControl<T extends string>({
 }: SegmentedControlProps<T>) {
   const refs = useRef<Array<HTMLButtonElement | null>>([]);
 
-  /** Select the option at `index` (wrapping) and move focus to it (APG radio). */
-  const selectAt = (index: number) => {
-    const next = (index + options.length) % options.length;
-    onChange(options[next].value);
-    refs.current[next]?.focus();
+  /**
+   * Select the first **enabled** option reached from `from` stepping by `dir`
+   * (wrapping), and move focus to it (APG radio). Skips disabled options so arrow
+   * keys never land on an inert segment; a group with no enabled option is a no-op.
+   */
+  const move = (from: number, dir: 1 | -1) => {
+    const n = options.length;
+    for (let step = 1; step <= n; step++) {
+      const idx = (((from + dir * step) % n) + n) % n;
+      if (!options[idx].disabled) {
+        onChange(options[idx].value);
+        refs.current[idx]?.focus();
+        return;
+      }
+    }
   };
 
   const onKeyDown = (e: React.KeyboardEvent, index: number) => {
     switch (e.key) {
       case 'ArrowRight':
       case 'ArrowDown':
-        selectAt(index + 1);
+        move(index, 1);
         break;
       case 'ArrowLeft':
       case 'ArrowUp':
-        selectAt(index - 1);
+        move(index, -1);
         break;
       case 'Home':
-        selectAt(0);
+        move(-1, 1); // first enabled from the start
         break;
       case 'End':
-        selectAt(options.length - 1);
+        move(0, -1); // last enabled from the end
         break;
       default:
         return; // not ours — let it bubble
@@ -93,9 +112,13 @@ export function SegmentedControl<T extends string>({
             type="button"
             role="radio"
             aria-checked={selected}
-            // Roving tabindex: only the selected option is a tab stop; arrows
-            // move within the group.
-            tabIndex={selected ? 0 : -1}
+            aria-disabled={opt.disabled || undefined}
+            aria-label={opt.title}
+            title={opt.title}
+            // Roving tabindex: only the selected (always enabled) option is a tab
+            // stop; arrows move within the group, skipping disabled options. A
+            // disabled option is never a tab stop.
+            tabIndex={selected && !opt.disabled ? 0 : -1}
             className={[
               styles.option,
               optionClassName,
@@ -104,7 +127,9 @@ export function SegmentedControl<T extends string>({
             ]
               .filter(Boolean)
               .join(' ')}
-            onClick={() => onChange(opt.value)}
+            onClick={() => {
+              if (!opt.disabled) onChange(opt.value);
+            }}
             onKeyDown={(e) => onKeyDown(e, i)}
           >
             {opt.label}

src/app/stores/ChartBuilderStore.test.ts

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { beforeEach, describe, expect, test } from 'vitest';
 import { createDataset } from '@core/dataset';
-import { useChartBuilderStore } from './ChartBuilderStore';
+import { COUNT_FIELD, useChartBuilderStore } from './ChartBuilderStore';
 import { useDatasetStore } from './DatasetStore';
 import { useSnippetStore } from './SnippetStore';
 
@@ -71,6 +71,60 @@ describe('channel editing', () => {
   });
 });
 
+describe('transforms — aggregate / bin / timeUnit / count', () => {
+  test('the Count-of-records option maps a field-less count measure', () => {
+    const id = seedDataset('S', [{ region: 'N', revenue: 5 }]);
+    cb().init(id);
+    cb().setChannelColumn('y', COUNT_FIELD);
+    expect(cb().config.encodings.y).toEqual({ type: 'quantitative', aggregate: 'count' });
+  });
+
+  test('aggregate and bin are mutually exclusive on a channel', () => {
+    const id = seedDataset('S', [{ revenue: 5 }]);
+    cb().init(id);
+    cb().setChannelColumn('y', 'revenue');
+    cb().setChannelAggregate('y', 'sum');
+    expect(cb().config.encodings.y).toMatchObject({ field: 'revenue', aggregate: 'sum' });
+    cb().setChannelBin('y', true);
+    expect(cb().config.encodings.y?.aggregate).toBeUndefined();
+    expect(cb().config.encodings.y?.bin).toBe(true);
+    cb().setChannelAggregate('y', 'mean');
+    expect(cb().config.encodings.y?.bin).toBeUndefined();
+    expect(cb().config.encodings.y?.aggregate).toBe('mean');
+  });
+
+  test('changing field type drops transforms that no longer apply', () => {
+    const id = seedDataset('S', [{ price: 5 }]);
+    cb().init(id);
+    cb().setChannelColumn('x', 'price');
+    cb().setChannelBin('x', true);
+    cb().setChannelType('x', 'nominal'); // leaving quantitative
+    expect(cb().config.encodings.x).toEqual({ field: 'price', type: 'nominal' });
+  });
+
+  test('setChannelTimeUnit sets and clears granularity', () => {
+    const id = seedDataset('S', [{ day: '2026-01-01', v: 1 }]);
+    cb().init(id);
+    cb().setChannelTimeUnit('x', 'yearmonth');
+    expect(cb().config.encodings.x?.timeUnit).toBe('yearmonth');
+    cb().setChannelTimeUnit('x', undefined);
+    expect(cb().config.encodings.x?.timeUnit).toBeUndefined();
+  });
+});
+
+describe('sort / stack', () => {
+  test('setSort and setStack set and clear the chart-level fields', () => {
+    const id = seedDataset('S', [{ region: 'N', revenue: 5 }]);
+    cb().init(id);
+    cb().setSort('descending');
+    expect(cb().config.sort).toBe('descending');
+    cb().setSort(undefined);
+    expect(cb().config.sort).toBeUndefined();
+    cb().setStack('normalize');
+    expect(cb().config.stack).toBe('normalize');
+  });
+});
+
 describe('createSnippet', () => {
   test('builds a linked snippet, activates it, and resets the builder', () => {
     const id = seedDataset('Sales', [

src/core/chart-builder.test.ts

@@ -4,6 +4,12 @@ import {
   validFieldTypes,
   defaultMark,
   isChannelTypeAllowed,
+  supportsAggregate,
+  supportsBin,
+  supportsTimeUnit,
+  supportsSort,
+  supportsStack,
+  sortableCategoryChannel,
   builderWarnings,
   defaultBuilderConfig,
   isBuilderConfigValid,
@@ -12,6 +18,7 @@ import {
   generateChartName,
   type BuilderColumns,
   type BuilderConfig,
+  type ChannelMapping,
 } from './chart-builder';
 import { VEGA_LITE_SCHEMA_URL } from './snippet';
 
@@ -143,6 +150,79 @@ describe('builderWarnings (Tier B advisories)', () => {
     });
     expect(w).toEqual([]);
   });
+
+  describe('crowded category axis (one mark per row)', () => {
+    const crowded = (overrides: Partial<ChannelMapping> = {}) =>
+      builderWarnings(
+        {
+          datasetName: 'D',
+          mark: 'bar',
+          encodings: {
+            x: { field: 'name', type: 'nominal' },
+            y: { field: 'mpg', type: 'quantitative', ...overrides },
+          },
+        },
+        406,
+      );
+
+    it('warns when a raw measure draws one bar per row over a large dataset', () => {
+      const w = crowded();
+      const hint = w.find((m) => /one mark per row/.test(m.message));
+      expect(hint?.channel).toBe('x'); // the category axis
+      expect(hint?.message).toContain('406 in this dataset');
+      expect(hint?.message).toMatch(/Swap X\/Y/); // bar → horizontal-bar remedy
+    });
+
+    it('is silent once the measure is aggregated (one bar per category)', () => {
+      const w = crowded({ aggregate: 'mean' });
+      expect(w.some((m) => /one mark per row/.test(m.message))).toBe(false);
+    });
+
+    it('is silent for a small dataset even with a raw measure', () => {
+      const w = builderWarnings(
+        {
+          datasetName: 'D',
+          mark: 'bar',
+          encodings: {
+            x: { field: 'name', type: 'nominal' },
+            y: { field: 'mpg', type: 'quantitative' },
+          },
+        },
+        12,
+      );
+      expect(w.some((m) => /one mark per row/.test(m.message))).toBe(false);
+    });
+
+    it('is silent when the row count is unknown (URL/non-tabular)', () => {
+      const w = builderWarnings({
+        datasetName: 'D',
+        mark: 'bar',
+        encodings: {
+          x: { field: 'name', type: 'nominal' },
+          y: { field: 'mpg', type: 'quantitative' },
+        },
+      });
+      expect(w.some((m) => /one mark per row/.test(m.message))).toBe(false);
+    });
+
+    it('uses non-bar wording (no Swap X/Y) for a line mark', () => {
+      const w = builderWarnings(
+        {
+          datasetName: 'D',
+          mark: 'line',
+          encodings: {
+            x: { field: 'name', type: 'nominal' },
+            y: { field: 'mpg', type: 'quantitative' },
+          },
+        },
+        406,
+      );
+      const hint = w.find((m) => /one mark per row/.test(m.message));
+      expect(hint).toBeDefined();
+      expect(hint?.message).not.toMatch(/Swap X\/Y/);
+      expect(hint?.message).toMatch(/reduce the number of categories/);
+    });
+  });
 });
 
 describe('defaultBuilderConfig', () => {
@@ -263,6 +343,140 @@ describe('buildChartSpec', () => {
   });
 });
 
+describe('transforms — aggregate / bin / timeUnit', () => {
+  it('emits a field-less count encoding', () => {
+    const spec = buildChartSpec({
+      datasetName: 'D',
+      mark: 'bar',
+      encodings: {
+        x: { field: 'region', type: 'nominal' },
+        y: { type: 'quantitative', aggregate: 'count' },
+      },
+    });
+    const enc = spec.encoding as Record<string, Record<string, unknown>>;
+    expect(enc.y).toEqual({ aggregate: 'count', type: 'quantitative' });
+    expect(enc.y.field).toBeUndefined();
+  });
+
+  it('emits a non-count aggregate with its field', () => {
+    const spec = buildChartSpec({
+      datasetName: 'D',
+      mark: 'bar',
+      encodings: {
+        x: { field: 'region', type: 'nominal' },
+        y: { field: 'revenue', type: 'quantitative', aggregate: 'sum' },
+      },
+    });
+    const enc = spec.encoding as Record<string, Record<string, unknown>>;
+    expect(enc.y).toEqual({ field: 'revenue', type: 'quantitative', aggregate: 'sum' });
+  });
+
+  it('emits bin on a quantitative field (histogram shape) and timeUnit on a temporal one', () => {
+    const hist = buildChartSpec({
+      datasetName: 'D',
+      mark: 'bar',
+      encodings: {
+        x: { field: 'price', type: 'quantitative', bin: true },
+        y: { type: 'quantitative', aggregate: 'count' },
+      },
+    });
+    const henc = hist.encoding as Record<string, Record<string, unknown>>;
+    expect(henc.x).toEqual({ field: 'price', type: 'quantitative', bin: true });
+
+    const ts = buildChartSpec({
+      datasetName: 'D',
+      mark: 'line',
+      encodings: {
+        x: { field: 'day', type: 'temporal', timeUnit: 'yearmonth' },
+        y: { field: 'v', type: 'quantitative' },
+      },
+    });
+    const tenc = ts.encoding as Record<string, Record<string, unknown>>;
+    expect(tenc.x).toEqual({ field: 'day', type: 'temporal', timeUnit: 'yearmonth' });
+  });
+
+  it('exposes the transform-applicability predicates by field type', () => {
+    expect(supportsAggregate('quantitative')).toBe(true);
+    expect(supportsAggregate('nominal')).toBe(false);
+    expect(supportsBin('quantitative')).toBe(true);
+    expect(supportsBin('temporal')).toBe(false);
+    expect(supportsTimeUnit('temporal')).toBe(true);
+    expect(supportsTimeUnit('quantitative')).toBe(false);
+  });
+});
+
+describe('sort (ranking)', () => {
+  const ranking: BuilderConfig = {
+    datasetName: 'D',
+    mark: 'bar',
+    encodings: {
+      x: { field: 'region', type: 'nominal' },
+      y: { field: 'revenue', type: 'quantitative', aggregate: 'sum' },
+    },
+  };
+
+  it('sorts the category axis by the measure axis (descending → "-y")', () => {
+    expect(sortableCategoryChannel(ranking)).toBe('x');
+    expect(supportsSort(ranking)).toBe(true);
+    const enc = buildChartSpec({ ...ranking, sort: 'descending' }).encoding as Record<
+      string,
+      Record<string, unknown>
+    >;
+    expect(enc.x.sort).toBe('-y');
+    const asc = buildChartSpec({ ...ranking, sort: 'ascending' }).encoding as Record<
+      string,
+      Record<string, unknown>
+    >;
+    expect(asc.x.sort).toBe('y');
+  });
+
+  it('does not offer sort when both axes are measures', () => {
+    const scatter: BuilderConfig = {
+      datasetName: 'D',
+      mark: 'point',
+      encodings: {
+        x: { field: 'a', type: 'quantitative' },
+        y: { field: 'b', type: 'quantitative' },
+      },
+    };
+    expect(supportsSort(scatter)).toBe(false);
+    expect(buildChartSpec({ ...scatter, sort: 'descending' }).encoding).toBeDefined();
+    const enc = buildChartSpec({ ...scatter, sort: 'descending' }).encoding as Record<
+      string,
+      Record<string, unknown>
+    >;
+    expect(enc.x.sort).toBeUndefined();
+  });
+});
+
+describe('stack (part-to-whole)', () => {
+  const stacked: BuilderConfig = {
+    datasetName: 'D',
+    mark: 'bar',
+    encodings: {
+      x: { field: 'month', type: 'ordinal' },
+      y: { field: 'sales', type: 'quantitative', aggregate: 'sum' },
+      color: { field: 'product', type: 'nominal' },
+    },
+  };
+
+  it('stacks the quantitative axis for a bar/area + colour series', () => {
+    expect(supportsStack(stacked)).toBe(true);
+    const enc = buildChartSpec({ ...stacked, stack: 'normalize' }).encoding as Record<
+      string,
+      Record<string, unknown>
+    >;
+    expect(enc.y.stack).toBe('normalize');
+  });
+
+  it('does not stack without a colour series or on a point mark', () => {
+    expect(supportsStack({ ...stacked, encodings: { ...stacked.encodings, color: null } })).toBe(
+      false,
+    );
+    expect(supportsStack({ ...stacked, mark: 'point' })).toBe(false);
+  });
+});
+
 describe('buildSnippetSpecText', () => {
   it('produces pretty-printed JSON that parses back to the spec', () => {
     const config = defaultBuilderConfig('Sales', columns);

src/core/chart-builder.ts

@@ -2,17 +2,24 @@
  * Chart Builder — pure Vega-Lite spec assembler (spec §06).
  *
  * Portable core: no browser APIs, no React, no store access. Turns a no-JSON
- * builder configuration (a mark, four optional encoding channels mapped to
- * dataset columns, optional pixel dimensions) into a complete Vega-Lite spec that
- * references the source dataset by name. The UI layer owns the controls; this
- * module owns the spec grammar — what a configuration *means* as Vega-Lite — and
- * the defaults the spec prescribes (pre-population, field-type derivation).
+ * builder configuration (a mark, four optional encoding channels mapped to dataset
+ * columns, with per-channel transforms, plus chart-level sort/stack and optional
+ * pixel dimensions) into a complete Vega-Lite spec that references the source
+ * dataset by name. The UI layer owns the controls; this module owns the spec
+ * grammar — what a configuration *means* as Vega-Lite — and the defaults the spec
+ * prescribes (pre-population, field-type derivation, smart mark).
  *
- * The produced spec mirrors what the rest of Astrolabe authors by hand: a
- * `$schema` stamp (shared with the sample template), a named-data reference the
- * renderer resolves at preview time (rendering.ts), a mark with tooltips enabled,
- * the mapped encodings, and any explicit width/height. It is the same string-spec
- * shape the editor and preview consume — `buildSnippetSpecText` serializes it.
+ * Beyond the Tier-B floor, a channel may carry a **transform** — an `aggregate`
+ * (count/sum/mean/…), a quantitative `bin`, or a temporal `timeUnit` granularity —
+ * and the chart may carry a `sort` (rank a categorical axis by its measure) and a
+ * `stack` (part-to-whole for bar/area + colour). See
+ * docs/chart-builder-research.md §8 for why each exists.
+ *
+ * The produced spec mirrors what the rest of Astrolabe authors by hand: a `$schema`
+ * stamp (shared with the sample template), a named-data reference the renderer
+ * resolves at preview time (rendering.ts), a mark with tooltips enabled, the mapped
+ * encodings, and any explicit width/height. It is the same string-spec shape the
+ * editor and preview consume — `buildSnippetSpecText` serializes it.
  */
 
 import type { ColumnType } from './type-inference';
@@ -31,12 +38,56 @@ export const CHANNELS = ['x', 'y', 'color', 'size'] as const;
 export type ChannelName = (typeof CHANNELS)[number];
 
 /**
- * One channel's mapping: a dataset column `field` plus its `type`. A channel left
- * on "None" is represented by `null` in the config (omitted from the spec).
+ * Aggregation operators a channel may apply (Vega-Lite `aggregate`). `count` is
+ * special — it is **field-less** (counts records), so a `count` mapping carries no
+ * `field`. The rest reduce a quantitative `field`.
+ */
+export const AGGREGATE_OPS = ['count', 'sum', 'mean', 'median', 'min', 'max'] as const;
+export type AggregateOp = (typeof AGGREGATE_OPS)[number];
+
+/**
+ * Temporal granularities (Vega-Lite `timeUnit`), coarse → fine, with the combined
+ * units that make a real time axis. Offered when a channel's type is Temporal.
+ */
+export const TIME_UNITS = [
+  'year',
+  'yearquarter',
+  'yearmonth',
+  'yearmonthdate',
+  'quarter',
+  'month',
+  'week',
+  'date',
+  'day',
+  'hours',
+] as const;
+export type TimeUnit = (typeof TIME_UNITS)[number];
+
+/** Sort the categorical axis by its measure (spec §06 → Ranking). */
+export const SORT_ORDERS = ['ascending', 'descending'] as const;
+export type SortOrder = (typeof SORT_ORDERS)[number];
+
+/** Part-to-whole stacking for bar/area + a colour series: absolute vs 100%. */
+export const STACK_MODES = ['zero', 'normalize'] as const;
+export type StackMode = (typeof STACK_MODES)[number];
+
+/**
+ * One channel's mapping: a dataset column `field` plus its `type`, with optional
+ * transforms. `field` is omitted only for a `count` aggregate (which counts records
+ * rather than reducing a column). A channel left on "None" is `null` in the config
+ * (omitted from the spec).
  */
 export interface ChannelMapping {
-  field: string;
+  /** The dataset column. Omitted only when `aggregate === 'count'`. */
+  field?: string;
+  /** The Vega-Lite field type (see `validFieldTypes`). */
   type: FieldType;
+  /** Aggregation op; `count` is field-less, the rest reduce a quantitative field. */
+  aggregate?: AggregateOp;
+  /** Bin a quantitative field into ranges (e.g. for a histogram). */
+  bin?: boolean;
+  /** Temporal granularity for a Temporal field. */
+  timeUnit?: TimeUnit;
 }
 
 /** The full builder configuration the assembler consumes. */
@@ -51,6 +102,10 @@ export interface BuilderConfig {
   width?: number;
   /** Optional explicit chart height in pixels. */
   height?: number;
+  /** Sort the categorical positional axis by the measure axis (spec §06 → Ranking). */
+  sort?: SortOrder;
+  /** Stacking for bar/area + a colour series (part-to-whole). */
+  stack?: StackMode;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -110,6 +165,21 @@ export function isChannelTypeAllowed(channel: ChannelName, type: FieldType): boo
   return true;
 }
 
+/** Whether a non-count aggregate (sum/mean/…) can apply to this field type. */
+export function supportsAggregate(type: FieldType): boolean {
+  return type === 'quantitative';
+}
+
+/** Whether binning into ranges can apply to this field type. */
+export function supportsBin(type: FieldType): boolean {
+  return type === 'quantitative';
+}
+
+/** Whether a temporal granularity (timeUnit) can apply to this field type. */
+export function supportsTimeUnit(type: FieldType): boolean {
+  return type === 'temporal';
+}
+
 /**
  * The mark that best fits the X/Y field-type shape (spec §06 → Tier B, smart
  * default mark) — the research's strongest convergence (Draco mark-by-shape soft
@@ -153,11 +223,11 @@ function fieldTypeForColumn(name: string, columns: BuilderColumns): FieldType {
 /**
  * The builder's opening configuration for a dataset (spec §06 → Default
  * pre-population, Tier B): the first column on X and the second (if any) on Y, each
- * with its derived field type; Color and Size start unmapped. The mark is the
- * **smart default** for the resulting X/Y shape (`defaultMark`) rather than always
- * Bar — a date-vs-number dataset opens as a Line, two measures as a Point — so the
- * first preview is already the conventional chart. A dataset with no detected
- * columns yields an all-unmapped config (the modal then prompts / disables Create).
+ * with its derived field type; Color and Size start unmapped, no transforms. The
+ * mark is the **smart default** for the resulting X/Y shape (`defaultMark`) rather
+ * than always Bar — a date-vs-number dataset opens as a Line, two measures as a
+ * Point — so the first preview is already the conventional chart. A dataset with no
+ * detected columns yields an all-unmapped config (the modal then prompts).
  */
 export function defaultBuilderConfig(datasetName: string, columns: BuilderColumns): BuilderConfig {
   const encodings: Partial<Record<ChannelName, ChannelMapping | null>> = {
@@ -177,7 +247,7 @@ export function defaultBuilderConfig(datasetName: string, columns: BuilderColumn
   return { datasetName, mark, encodings };
 }
 
-/** The channels actually mapped to a column, in canonical order. */
+/** The channels actually mapped (a column field, or a field-less count), in order. */
 function mappedChannels(config: BuilderConfig): Array<[ChannelName, ChannelMapping]> {
   return CHANNELS.flatMap((channel) => {
     const mapping = config.encodings[channel];
@@ -185,15 +255,70 @@ function mappedChannels(config: BuilderConfig): Array<[ChannelName, ChannelMappi
   });
 }
 
+/** The effective field type a mapping encodes (a count is quantitative). */
+function effectiveType(mapping: ChannelMapping): FieldType {
+  return mapping.aggregate === 'count' ? 'quantitative' : mapping.type;
+}
+
+/** True when a mapping reads as a continuous measure (count/aggregate or continuous type). */
+function isMeasureMapping(mapping: ChannelMapping): boolean {
+  return isContinuous(effectiveType(mapping));
+}
+
 /**
  * Whether the configuration is renderable / saveable (spec §06 → Validation): at
- * least one channel must be mapped to a column. The modal gates the Create action
- * and the preview prompt on this.
+ * least one channel must be mapped. The modal gates the Create action and the
+ * preview prompt on this.
  */
 export function isBuilderConfigValid(config: BuilderConfig): boolean {
   return mappedChannels(config).length > 0;
 }
 
+/**
+ * The categorical positional channel to sort, when exactly one of X/Y is a discrete
+ * category and the other is a measure (spec §06 → Ranking). Returns the channel to
+ * carry `sort`, or undefined when sorting doesn't apply (no clear category axis).
+ */
+export function sortableCategoryChannel(config: BuilderConfig): 'x' | 'y' | undefined {
+  const x = config.encodings.x ?? null;
+  const y = config.encodings.y ?? null;
+  if (!x || !y) return undefined;
+  const xMeasure = isMeasureMapping(x);
+  const yMeasure = isMeasureMapping(y);
+  if (xMeasure && !yMeasure) return 'y';
+  if (yMeasure && !xMeasure) return 'x';
+  return undefined;
+}
+
+/** The quantitative positional channel (x or y) that stacking applies to, if any. */
+function stackMeasureChannel(config: BuilderConfig): 'x' | 'y' | undefined {
+  for (const channel of ['x', 'y'] as const) {
+    const mapping = config.encodings[channel];
+    if (mapping && effectiveType(mapping) === 'quantitative') return channel;
+  }
+  return undefined;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Whether sorting can be offered for this config (a clear category-vs-measure axis
+ * pair exists). The UI shows the Sort control only when true.
+ */
+export function supportsSort(config: BuilderConfig): boolean {
+  return sortableCategoryChannel(config) !== undefined;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Whether stacking can be offered: a bar/area mark with a colour series and a
+ * quantitative positional axis to stack along (spec §06 → part-to-whole).
+ */
+export function supportsStack(config: BuilderConfig): boolean {
+  return (
+    (config.mark === 'bar' || config.mark === 'area') &&
+    !!config.encodings.color &&
+    stackMeasureChannel(config) !== undefined
+  );
+}
+
 /** A non-blocking advisory about a configuration (spec §06 → Tier B warnings). */
 export interface BuilderWarning {
   /** The channel the hint is about, when it's channel-specific. */
@@ -202,14 +327,27 @@ export interface BuilderWarning {
   message: string;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Above this many rows, a category-vs-measure bar/line/area with a **raw**
+ * (un-aggregated) measure draws so many marks — one per row — that the category
+ * axis becomes an unreadable picket fence of labels. The threshold is a legibility
+ * estimate, not a hard limit (the chart still renders); it's set where vertical bar
+ * labels reliably start overlapping. See `builderWarnings`.
+ */
+const CROWDED_CATEGORY_ROWS = 30;
+
 /**
  * Non-blocking advisories for the current configuration (spec §06 → Tier B): the
  * encodings that render but read poorly, drawn from the research's soft rules
  * (docs/chart-builder-research.md §4, §7). These never block Create — `isBuilder
  * ConfigValid` is the only gate — they just steer the user toward a better chart.
  * Returned in a stable order so the UI list doesn't jitter as config changes.
+ *
+ * `rowCount` (the dataset's row count, when known) powers the crowded-axis hint;
+ * pass it from the loaded dataset. Omitted/`null` (URL or non-tabular data) simply
+ * skips that one hint.
  */
-export function builderWarnings(config: BuilderConfig): BuilderWarning[] {
+export function builderWarnings(config: BuilderConfig, rowCount?: number | null): BuilderWarning[] {
   const warnings: BuilderWarning[] = [];
   const x = config.encodings.x ?? null;
   const y = config.encodings.y ?? null;
@@ -229,11 +367,11 @@ export function builderWarnings(config: BuilderConfig): BuilderWarning[] {
     (mark === 'bar' || mark === 'line' || mark === 'area') &&
     x !== null &&
     y !== null &&
-    !isContinuous(x.type) &&
-    !isContinuous(y.type)
+    !isMeasureMapping(x) &&
+    !isMeasureMapping(y)
   ) {
     warnings.push({
-      message: `${markLabel(mark)} charts need a measure (quantitative or temporal) on the X or Y axis.`,
+      message: `${markLabel(mark)} charts need a measure (a value or count) on the X or Y axis.`,
     });
   }
 
@@ -242,8 +380,8 @@ export function builderWarnings(config: BuilderConfig): BuilderWarning[] {
   if (
     x !== null &&
     y !== null &&
-    x.type === 'quantitative' &&
-    y.type === 'quantitative' &&
+    effectiveType(x) === 'quantitative' &&
+    effectiveType(y) === 'quantitative' &&
     mark !== 'point' &&
     mark !== 'circle'
   ) {
@@ -262,19 +400,66 @@ export function builderWarnings(config: BuilderConfig): BuilderWarning[] {
     });
   }
 
+  // Crowded category axis: a bar/line/area pairing a discrete category against a
+  // *raw* (un-aggregated, un-binned) measure draws one mark — and one axis label —
+  // per row, so a large dataset becomes an unreadable picket fence of labels (the
+  // builder's own default does this: first column on X, second on Y, no aggregate).
+  // We can only flag the un-aggregated case, where mark-count == rowCount exactly;
+  // an *aggregated* axis that still has many distinct categories needs per-column
+  // distinct counts we don't profile yet (backlog A2/A3). The fix follows the canon:
+  // aggregate the measure to one mark per category, or — for a bar — flip to a
+  // horizontal bar where long labels stay readable (FT Visual Vocabulary: bar is
+  // "good when … labels have long category names"; Datawrapper: long category lists
+  // belong on a horizontal bar).
+  if (
+    (mark === 'bar' || mark === 'line' || mark === 'area') &&
+    typeof rowCount === 'number' &&
+    rowCount > CROWDED_CATEGORY_ROWS
+  ) {
+    const category = sortableCategoryChannel(config); // the discrete axis of a category-vs-measure pair
+    const measure = category ? config.encodings[category === 'x' ? 'y' : 'x'] : null;
+    if (category && measure && !measure.aggregate && !measure.bin) {
+      const fix =
+        mark === 'bar'
+          ? 'Aggregate the measure (e.g. Sum or Mean) for one bar per category, or use Swap X/Y for a horizontal bar where long labels stay readable.'
+          : 'Aggregate the measure (e.g. Sum or Mean) so there is one mark per category, or reduce the number of categories.';
+      warnings.push({
+        channel: category,
+        message: `This draws one mark per row (${rowCount} in this dataset), so the category-axis labels will overlap. ${fix}`,
+      });
+    }
+  }
+
   return warnings;
 }
 
 /** A built Vega-Lite spec, as a plain object (serialize with `buildSnippetSpecText`). */
 export type ChartSpec = Record<string, unknown>;
 
+/** Build one channel's Vega-Lite encoding object from its mapping + transforms. */
+function encodingObject(mapping: ChannelMapping): Record<string, unknown> {
+  // A field-less count: `{ aggregate: 'count', type: 'quantitative' }`.
+  if (mapping.aggregate === 'count') {
+    return { aggregate: 'count', type: 'quantitative' };
+  }
+  const enc: Record<string, unknown> = {};
+  if (mapping.field !== undefined) enc.field = mapping.field;
+  enc.type = mapping.type;
+  if (mapping.aggregate) enc.aggregate = mapping.aggregate;
+  if (mapping.bin) enc.bin = true;
+  if (mapping.timeUnit) enc.timeUnit = mapping.timeUnit;
+  return enc;
+}
+
 /**
  * Assemble the complete Vega-Lite spec from a builder configuration (spec §06 →
  * Output). Includes the schema reference, a named data reference to the dataset,
- * the mark with tooltips enabled, every mapped encoding (field + field type), and
- * any explicit width/height. Unmapped channels are omitted; if nothing is mapped
- * the `encoding` block is omitted entirely (validation prevents saving that, but
- * the live preview may render a bare mark while the user is still configuring).
+ * the mark with tooltips enabled, every mapped encoding (field, type, and any
+ * aggregate/bin/timeUnit transform), chart-level sort (rank a categorical axis by
+ * its measure) and stack (part-to-whole), and any explicit width/height. Unmapped
+ * channels are omitted; if nothing is mapped the `encoding` block is omitted
+ * entirely (validation prevents saving that, but the live preview may render a bare
+ * mark while the user is still configuring).
  */
 export function buildChartSpec(config: BuilderConfig): ChartSpec {
   const spec: ChartSpec = {
@@ -283,10 +468,27 @@ export function buildChartSpec(config: BuilderConfig): ChartSpec {
     mark: { type: config.mark, tooltip: true },
   };
 
-  const encoding: Record<string, { field: string; type: FieldType }> = {};
+  const encoding: Record<string, Record<string, unknown>> = {};
   for (const [channel, mapping] of mappedChannels(config)) {
-    encoding[channel] = { field: mapping.field, type: mapping.type };
+    encoding[channel] = encodingObject(mapping);
   }
+
+  // Sort: the categorical positional axis sorts by the value of the measure axis
+  // ("-y" descending, "y" ascending) — the conventional Vega-Lite ranking idiom.
+  if (config.sort) {
+    const category = sortableCategoryChannel(config);
+    if (category && encoding[category]) {
+      const measure = category === 'x' ? 'y' : 'x';
+      encoding[category].sort = config.sort === 'descending' ? `-${measure}` : measure;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Stack: part-to-whole on the quantitative positional axis of a bar/area + colour.
+  if (config.stack && supportsStack(config)) {
+    const measure = stackMeasureChannel(config);
+    if (measure && encoding[measure]) encoding[measure].stack = config.stack;
+  }
+
   if (Object.keys(encoding).length > 0) spec.encoding = encoding;
 
   if (config.width !== undefined) spec.width = config.width;
@@ -305,19 +507,27 @@ function markLabel(mark: MarkType): string {
   return mark.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + mark.slice(1);
 }
 
+/** A human phrase for what a channel encodes, e.g. "sum of revenue", "count". */
+function describeMapping(mapping: ChannelMapping): string {
+  if (mapping.aggregate === 'count') return 'count';
+  const field = mapping.field ?? '';
+  if (mapping.aggregate) return `${mapping.aggregate} of ${field}`;
+  return field;
+}
+
 /**
  * An auto-generated, descriptive name for the created snippet (spec §06 → Output:
  * "an auto-generated descriptive name"). When both X and Y are mapped it reads
- * "Bar chart of <y> by <x>"; otherwise it falls back to naming the dataset:
- * "Bar chart of <dataset>". Deterministic — no timestamp — so the name describes
- * the chart, not when it was made.
+ * "Bar chart of <y> by <x>" (using each channel's measure phrase, e.g. "count" or
+ * "sum of revenue"); otherwise it falls back to naming the dataset. Deterministic —
+ * no timestamp — so the name describes the chart, not when it was made.
  */
 export function generateChartName(config: BuilderConfig): string {
   const mark = markLabel(config.mark);
   const x = config.encodings.x;
   const y = config.encodings.y;
-  if (x && y) return `${mark} chart of ${y.field} by ${x.field}`;
+  if (x && y) return `${mark} chart of ${describeMapping(y)} by ${describeMapping(x)}`;
   const only = mappedChannels(config)[0];
-  if (only) return `${mark} chart of ${only[1].field}`;
+  if (only) return `${mark} chart of ${describeMapping(only[1])}`;
   return `${mark} chart of ${config.datasetName}`;
 }

src/core/profile.ts

@@ -84,6 +84,10 @@ export function profileData(
   if (columns.length === 0) return naProfile(size);
 
   const sample = sampleRows(rows);
+  // TODO (backlog: docs/chart-builder-research.md §8 — A3/A4 enabler): in this same
+  // sample pass, also derive a capped per-column distinct count (cardinality, cap ~50)
+  // and numeric extent (min/max → sign), surfaced on DatasetProfile, to power the Chart
+  // Builder's crowded-legend / high-cardinality warnings and its negative-value Size guard.
   const columnTypes = columns.map((name) => ({
     name,
     type: inferColumnType(sample.map((r) => r[name])),